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Comprehensive LAI coupling effects around the 2022 Ms6.8 Luding earthquake in China are investigated with a multi-parameter and multi-layer approach, including the b-value, revised accelerated moment release, Earth resistivity, ELF magnetic field emissions, atmospheric electric field, surface temperature, foF2 from ionosonde, GNSS TEC, Ne and magnetic field from CSES and Swarm satellites, and energetic electrons from CSES and NOAA satellites. It is found that the anomalies start from the lithospheric parameters as Earth resistivity and b-values 1\u20132 years before to reflect the local stress loading in the seismic region, then the ionospheric and atmospheric disturbances occur and accelerate \u221250 days before and \u221215 days before, and finally the electrons precipitate a few days before. The simultaneous perturbations in LAI illustrate the thermodynamic coupling channel, such as on 24 August, \u221212 days before. Meanwhile, the abundant developed ionospheric anomalies without atmospheric disturbances demonstrate the electromagnetic coupling way from the lithosphere to the ionosphere directly. Finally, the results demonstrate a two-way model of LAIC: one way is characterized by a slow chain of processes, of thermodynamic nature, starting from the ground and proceeding to the above atmosphere and ionosphere, showing an exponential trend in the cumulative number of anomalies; the second way is characterized by oscillating electromagnetic coupling between the lithosphere and ionosphere, showing intermittent fluctuations in the corresponding cumulative number of anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1719821849000},"page":"2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pre-Earthquake Oscillating and Accelerating Patterns in the Lithosphere\u2013Atmosphere\u2013Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) before the 2022 Luding (China) Ms6.8 Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7462-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saioa A.","family":"Campuzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics of the Earth and Astrophysics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Cianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyan","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"D\u2019Arcangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Earthquake Agency, Shenyang 110031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Agency of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Fidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0607-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9996-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze, Universit\u00e0 Roma TRE, 00154 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2623-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Piscini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, 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