{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:22:39Z","timestamp":1772040159412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62271252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271252"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62171220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can detect moving targets on the ground\/sea, and high-resolution imaging on the ground\/sea has critical applications in both military and civilian fields. This paper attempts to use a spaceborne SAR system to detect and image moving targets in the air for the first time. Due to the high velocity of aerial targets, they usually appear as two-dimensional range and azimuth direction defocus in SAR images, and clutter will also have a profound impact on target detection. To solve the above problems, a method of detecting and focusing on a spaceborne SAR target based on a two-dimensional velocity search is proposed by combining the BP algorithm. According to the current environment of the aerial target and the number of system channels, the clutter suppression methods are set and combined with two-dimensional velocity search with different precision, the Shannon entropy under different search velocity groups is used to obtain the search velocity group closest to the actual velocity and realize the integrated processing of moving target detection\u2013focused imaging parameter estimation. Combined with simulation data, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1719821849000},"page":"2392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Aerial Moving Target Detection Based on Two-Dimensional Velocity Search"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jialin","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Wenshuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Daiyin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, S., and Drago\u0161evi\u0107, M. (2011, January 23\u201327). An efficient algorithm for fully capturing a ground moving target\u2019s energy for spaceborne SAR-GMTI. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE RadarCon (RADAR), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2011.5960545"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, L., and Zhang, C. (2006, January 16\u201319). A kind of dual-channel GMTI real-time processing method based on frequency DPCA. Proceedings of the 2006 CIE International Conference on Radar, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICR.2006.343552"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wu, J., Li, W., Huang, Y., and Yang, J. (2011, January 24\u201327). Dual-Channel DPCA technique in Bistatic Forward-looking SAR for moving target detection and imaging. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE CIE International Conference on Radar, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"29","article-title":"Brief Analysis on SAR Technology and Application of Spaceborne SAR","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Spat. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mu, H. (2021). Research on Ground Moving Target Detection and Inaging in Multichannel SAR System. [Ph.D. Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hong, Z., and Bao, G. (2024). Review of radar automatic target recognition based on ensemble learning. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.P., Xu, Y.Q., Zhang, X.Y., and Deng, Z.R. (2022, January 23\u201325). Dual-channel SAR slow moving target detection method based on multi-look and magnitude-phase joint. Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Computer Science, Electronic Information Engineering and Intelligent Control Technology (CEI), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEI57409.2022.9950208"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Ding, Z., Zhang, T., and Wang, Y. (2018, January 10\u201312). High-Squint SAR Imaging for Noncooperative Moving Ship Target Based on High Velocity Motion Platform. Proceedings of the 2018 China International SAR Symposium (CISS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SARS.2018.8552015"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, G., Zhang, X., Huang, J., and Zhu, D. (2024). High Freedom Parameterized FM (HFPFM) Code: Model, Correlation Function and Advantages. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3405449"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.10.110","article-title":"Graph-based few-shot learning with transformed feature propagation and optimal class allocation","volume":"470","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Cao, Z., Yang, S., Si, L., Sun, H., Xu, L., and Sun, F. (2024). Cognition-Driven Structural Prior for Instance-Dependent Label Transition Matrix Estimation. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3347633"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Liu, G. (2019). Research on Imaging and Detection Metchod of Moving Target in SAR. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Electronic Science Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gong, Z. (2021). Research on the Algorithm of Multichannel SAR-GMTI. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China Academy of Space Technology Xi\u2019an Branch]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Zong, Z. (2014, January 13\u201314). Moving Target Detection of Airborne SAR Based on Virtual Tri-channel Displaced Phase Center Antenna Approach. Proceedings of the 2014 Seventh International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCID.2014.182"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083504","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083504","article-title":"Performance comparison and assessment of displaced phase center antenna and along-track interferometry techniques used in synthetic aperture radar-ground moving target indication","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Zheng, M. (2003). Synthetic Aperture Radar Moving Target Detection and Imaging Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Electrics Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, X., An, H., Sun, Z., Wu, J., Li, Z., and Yang, J. (2022, January 17\u201322). GEO Spaceborne-Airborne Bistatic SAR Clutter Supression Using Improved DPCA Method. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2022\u20142022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9884741"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Cheng, G., Tang, J., Xie, Z., and Wu, H. (2023). A Novel Imaging Algorithm for Wide-Beam Multiple-Receiver Synthetic Aperture Sonar Systems. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15153745"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yu, W., Zheng, M., Zhao, L., and Zhou, Z.X. (2022). Phase Mismatch Calibration for Dual-Channel Sliding Spotlight SAR-GMTI. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030617"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Mi, Y.P., and Shi, X. (2019, January 26\u201329). SAR Ground Moving Target Imaging With Adjacent Cross Correlation function. Proceedings of the 2019 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSAR46974.2019.9048434"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"60","article-title":"The GMTI Technology of Spaceborn SAR","volume":"26","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aerosp. Shanghai"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hou, Y., Wang, J., Liu, X., Wang, K., and Gao, Y. (2014, January 13\u201318). An automatic SAR-GMTI algorithm based on DPCA. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small Target Detection Based on SAR Image Changes","volume":"53","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fire Control. Radar Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3070138","article-title":"Deep-IRTarget: An automatic target detector in infrared imagery using dual-domain feature extraction and allocation","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Tan, J., Cao, Z., Xu, L., Liu, Y., Si, L., and Sun, F. (2024). Part-Aware Correlation Networks for Few-shot Learning. IEEE Trans. Multimed.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2024.3394681"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Liu, B., Lv, Z., Wang, K., Dai, Z., Liu, L., and Liu, M. (2016, January 10\u201315). Efficient radon fractional Fourier transform for efficient motion parameters estimation in SAR-GMTI system. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729356"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1287","article-title":"A Moving-targets Detection Algorithm for Spaceborne SAR System Based on Two-dimensional Velocity Search Method","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Yan, H., Wu, C., Zhao, R., Zhang, J., and Zhu, D. (2022, January 18\u201320). Low-Flying Moving Target Detection and Imaging Algorithm of Spaceborne SAR Based on Two-Dimensional Velocity Search. Proceedings of the 2022 14th International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS), Zhenjiang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPS58776.2022.00081"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"307","article-title":"Intelligent technology for aircraft detection and recognition through SAR imagery: Advancements and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Liao, X., Ding, Z., and Gao, W. (2016, January 5\u20138). A method for moving target detection based on airborne multi-aspect SAR system. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"279","article-title":"Research on SAR\/ISAR phase compensation technique based on image criterion","volume":"22","author":"Xi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/7.303752","article-title":"Phase gradient autofocus\u2014A robust tool for high resolution SAR phase correction","volume":"30","author":"Wahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Chen, J., Chen, J., and Wang, S. (2006, January 16\u201319). Bistatic Radar DPCA Technique. Proceedings of the 2006 CIE International Conference on Radar, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Qian, B., and Wang, S. (2011, January 24\u201327). DPCA motion compensation technique based on multiple phase centers. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE CIE International Conference on Radar, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIE-Radar.2011.6159640"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Ling, Q., Ma, J., Huang, P., Liu, X., and Fan, J. (2024). Spaceborne HRWS-SAR-GMTI System Design Method with Optimal Configuration. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16122148"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2392\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:39Z","timestamp":1760108859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/13\/2392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16132392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16132392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]}}}