{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:47:22Z","timestamp":1770752842443,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":379,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes and disturbances to water diversity and quality are complex and multi-scale in space and time. Although in situ methods provide detailed point information on the condition of water bodies, they are of limited use for making area-based monitoring over time, as aquatic ecosystems are extremely dynamic. Remote sensing (RS) provides methods and data for the cost-effective, comprehensive, continuous and standardised monitoring of characteristics and changes in characteristics of water diversity and water quality from local and regional scales to the scale of entire continents. In order to apply and better understand RS techniques and their derived spectral indicators in monitoring water diversity and quality, this study defines five characteristics of water diversity and quality that can be monitored using RS. These are the diversity of water traits, the diversity of water genesis, the structural diversity of water, the taxonomic diversity of water and the functional diversity of water. It is essential to record the diversity of water traits to derive the other four characteristics of water diversity from RS. Furthermore, traits are the only and most important interface between in situ and RS monitoring approaches. The monitoring of these five characteristics of water diversity and water quality using RS technologies is presented in detail and discussed using numerous examples. Finally, current and future developments are presented to advance monitoring using RS and the trait approach in modelling, prediction and assessment as a basis for successful monitoring and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1719896914000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Monitoring Water Diversity and Water Quality with Remote Sensing and Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Lausch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Landscape Ecology Lab, Geography Department, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geoinformation, Institute for Geo-Information and Land Surveying, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Seminarplatz 2a, D-06846 Dessau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Bannehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geoinformation, Institute for Geo-Information and Land Surveying, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Seminarplatz 2a, D-06846 Dessau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella A.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur alten Fischerh\u00fctte 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, German Remote Sensing Data Center, National Ground Segment, Kalkhorstweg 53, D-17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Landscape Sciences and Geoinformatics, University of Applied Sciences, Brodaer Str. 2, D-17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Bumberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Research Data Management\u2014RDM, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstra\u00dfe 4, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorg M.","family":"Hacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Airborne Research Australia (ARA), Parafield Airport, Adelaide, SA 5106, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Heege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EOMAP GmbH & Co KG, Schlosshof 4a, D-82229 Seefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hupfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, M\u00fcggelseedamm 301, D-12587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Ecology, Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, Seestr. 45, D-15526 Bad Saarow, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics, Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5453-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Kuhwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, D-24098 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9444-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Oppelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, D-24098 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Pause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Facility Management and Geoinformation, Institute for Geo-Information and Land Surveying, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Seminarplatz 2a, D-06846 Dessau, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Schrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Selsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"von Trentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EOMAP GmbH & Co KG, Schlosshof 4a, D-82229 Seefeld, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.12.009","article-title":"Remote sensing for lake research and monitoring\u2014Recent advances","volume":"64","author":"Oppelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. 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