{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:52:50Z","timestamp":1772887970213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Centre for Networking and Supercomputing","award":["345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents the results of significance analyses of selected mining and geological variables for an area of underground mining activity. The study area was a region of an underground copper ore mine located in southwest Poland. The input data consisted of satellite radar data from the Sentinel 1 mission as well as mining and geological data. The line-of-sight subsidence, calculated with the use of the small baseline subset method and arranged in time series, was decomposed to extract the vertical component. The significance analysis of individual variables for the observed surface subsidence was performed using the SHapley Additive exPlanations method for the XGBoost machine learning model. The results of the analysis showed that the observed ground surface subsidence velocities were most influenced by the thickness of the PZ3 layer, which is located approximately 200 m above the roof of the mined seam, the thickness of the seam, and the timing of mining. It was also found that the proposed model was able to detect a nonlinear relationship between the analyzed excavations. The most significant influence on ground subsidence over mine excavations are mining parameters such as the spatially averaged thickness of the deposit and the time since liquidation of the deposit. The proposed approach can be successfully employed in planning both mining operations and mine closure in such a manner that the environmental impact is minimized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1719910899000},"page":"2428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying Factors Influencing Surface Deformations from Underground Mining Using SAR Data, Machine Learning, and the SHAP Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3118-7974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"trainAI sp. z o.o., Cegielniana 4a\/15, 30-404 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4044-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Milczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoengineering Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Warchala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Resource Management, KGHM Polska Mied\u017a S.A., M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 48, 59-301 Lubin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kosydor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Resource Management, KGHM Polska Mied\u017a S.A., M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 48, 59-301 Lubin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ro\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Resource Management, KGHM Polska Mied\u017a S.A., M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 48, 59-301 Lubin, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsm.2018.04.001","article-title":"Influence of mining operations on road pavement and sewer system\u2014Selected case studies","volume":"17","author":"Grygierek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sustain. 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