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To cope with this issue, this study aims at evaluating the capability of PRISMA hyperspectral satellite images compared with Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to produce early- and in-season crop maps using consolidated machine and deep learning algorithms. Results show that the accuracy of crop type classification using Sentinel-2 images is meaningfully poor compared with PRISMA (14% in overall accuracy (OA)). The 1D-CNN algorithm, with 89%, 91%, and 92% OA for winter, summer, and perennial cultivations, respectively, shows for the PRISMA images the highest accuracy in the in-season crop mapping and the fastest algorithm that achieves acceptable accuracy (OA 80%) for the winter, summer, and perennial cultivations early-season mapping using PRISMA images. Moreover, the 1D-CNN algorithm shows a limited reduction (6%) in performance, appearing to be the best algorithm for crop mapping within operational use in cross-farm applications. Machine\/deep learning classification algorithms applied on the test fields cross-scene demonstrate that PRISMA hyperspectral time series images can provide good results for early- and in-season crop mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1719920033000},"page":"2431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early-Season Crop Mapping by PRISMA Images Using Machine\/Deep Learning Approaches: Italy and Iran Test Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saham","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), C\/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Pascucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), C\/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Carfora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo \u201cMauro Picone\u201d (IAC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Casa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2725-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Ingegneria Aerospaziale (SIA), University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Via Salaria 851, 00138 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9577-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), C\/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1746-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), C\/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6108-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Laneve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Ingegneria Aerospaziale (SIA), University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Via Salaria 851, 00138 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Pignatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), C\/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.N., Luo, J., Feng, L., and Zhou, X. (2019). 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