{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:16:38Z","timestamp":1768320998428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42371412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42271435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although atmospheric CO2 concentrations collected by satellites play a crucial role in understanding global greenhouse gases, the sparse geographic distribution greatly affects their widespread application. In this paper, a hybrid CNN and spatiotemporal Kriging (CNN-STK) model is proposed to generate a monthly spatiotemporal continuous XCO2 dataset over China at 0.25\u00b0 grid-scale from 2015 to 2020, utilizing OCO-2 XCO2 and geographic covariates. The validations against observation samples, CAMS XCO2 and TCCON measurements indicate the CNN-STK model is effective, robust, and reliable with high accuracy (validation set metrics: R2 = 0.936, RMSE = 1.3 ppm, MAE = 0.946 ppm; compared with TCCON: R2 = 0.954, RMSE = 0.898 ppm and MAE = 0.741 ppm). The accuracy of CNN-STK XCO2 exhibits spatial inhomogeneity, with higher accuracy in northern China during spring, autumn, and winter and lower accuracy in northeast China during summer. XCO2 in low-value-clustering areas is notably influenced by biological activities. Moreover, relatively high uncertainties are observed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin. This study innovatively integrates deep learning with the geostatistical method, providing a stable and cost-effective approach for other countries and regions to obtain regional scales of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, thereby supporting policy formulation and actions to address climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1719920033000},"page":"2433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Satellite-Based Reconstruction of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration over China Using a Hybrid CNN and Spatiotemporal Kriging Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yiying","family":"Hua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4780-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuesheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1846-3","article-title":"Assessing Progress towards Sustainable Development over Space and Time","volume":"577","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01058-x","article-title":"The Burden of Heat-Related Mortality Attributable to Recent Human-Induced Climate Change","volume":"11","author":"Scovronick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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