{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:11:08Z","timestamp":1768831868665,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42330502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330502"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201168"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019QZKK0906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0906"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["42330502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42330502"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["42201168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201168"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0906"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ongoing shifts in climate, coupled with human activities, are leading to significant land desertification; thus, understanding the long-term variations in ecosystem services as well as the driving factors has a significant value for ensuring ecological security in ecologically fragile arid regions. In this study, we used the RUSLE, RWEQ, CASA, and InVEST models to evaluate five typical ecosystem services (ESs) from 1990 to 2020 in the Gonghe Basin, including soil conservation, sand fixation, carbon sequestration, water yield, and habitat quality. Then, we analyzed the trade-offs between ESs and proposed scientific indications. Finally, we identified the driving mechanisms of ES spatiotemporal variations. The results showed that (1) the ecosystem services in the Gonghe Basin have, overall, improved over the past 30 years. Soil conservation, sand fixation, carbon sequestration, and water yield showed upward trends, while habitat quality showed a downward trend. (2) The relationships between ESs in the Gonghe Basin were characterized by strong synergies and weak trade-offs, with significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of the trade-off intensity. In addition, the implementation of ecological engineering may strengthen the intensity of the trade-offs. (3) Among all the factors (temperature, precipitation, wind speed, NDVI, land use type, slope, DEM and soil type) that affected ESs, NDVI had the greatest impact, and the explanatory power was 49%, followed by soil type. The explanatory power of the interactions between each factor was higher than that of a single factor, and the interaction between NDVI and soil type had the greatest impact. ESs increased by 12% mainly due to the implementation of ecological engineering projects and natural factors. The most suitable area for ESs was the southeastern edge of the Gonghe Basin. Our study will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms of ecosystem services in drylands and provide a scientific basis for the future implementation of ecological engineering on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T03:48:56Z","timestamp":1720151336000},"page":"2460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Distinguishing the Multifactorial Impacts on Ecosystem Services under the Long-Term Ecological Restoration in the Gonghe Basin of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Lianyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Zeshi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7457-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jifu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-Sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 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