{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T01:11:30Z","timestamp":1774401090882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPNS-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPNS-2020-05612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Canada\u2014Polar Continental Shelf Program","award":["RGPIN-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Canada\u2014Polar Continental Shelf Program","award":["RGPNS-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPNS-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Canada\u2014Polar Continental Shelf Program","award":["62723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62723"]}]},{"name":"Geochemistry and Geodynamics Research Center (GEOTOP) Quebec","award":["RGPIN-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"Geochemistry and Geodynamics Research Center (GEOTOP) Quebec","award":["RGPNS-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPNS-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"Geochemistry and Geodynamics Research Center (GEOTOP) Quebec","award":["62723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62723"]}]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Department of Geography","award":["RGPIN-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Department of Geography","award":["RGPNS-2020-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPNS-2020-05612"]}]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Department of Geography","award":["62723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62723"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The steep and unstable terrain found on debris-covered glaciers, rock glaciers, talus slopes, moraines and other proglacial features often make terrestrial ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys unsafe or cost-prohibitive. To address these challenges, this research introduces a novel approach for studying buried ice using multi-low-frequency drone-based GPR. Monostatic antennas of 50, 100, and 200 MHz were flown along a transect spanning a debris-covered glacier and an ice\u2013debris complex at Sh\u00e1r Shaw Tag\u00e0 (Grizzly Creek) in southwest Yukon, Canada. The drone-based results were compared to manual GPR at two locations along the transect. The two manual segments were conducted using the same radar system in a bi-static mode and included common mid-point (CMP) surveys. Overall, the drone-based radar successfully identified buried ice and enabled estimation of ice body thickness. Notably, CMP results confirmed layer characteristics and enabled depths to be measured across the entire drone-based transect. Discrimination of detail across a range of depths was made possible by comparing the three low frequencies, highlighting the possibility of using this method for future investigations of debris thickness in addition to quantifying buried ice. This study confirms the effectiveness of drone-based GPR combined with manual CMP for surveying ice beneath previously inaccessible terrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T03:48:56Z","timestamp":1720151336000},"page":"2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Drone-Based Ground-Penetrating Radar with Manual Transects for Improved Field Surveys of Buried Ice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0553-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam R.","family":"Tjoelker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Bara\u00ebr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Eole","family":"Valence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1555-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastien","family":"Charonnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5655-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janie","family":"Masse-Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure (\u00c9TS), Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0469-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0615-0","article-title":"The State of Rock Debris Covering Earth\u2019s Glaciers","volume":"13","author":"Herreid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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