{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T20:09:15Z","timestamp":1776542955449,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42301049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC1031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024NSFSC0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Provincial","award":["42301049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301049"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Provincial","award":["2022NSFSC1031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1031"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Provincial","award":["2024NSFSC0802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding global sea level variations and exploring their causes hold significant importance for future climate change predictions and the sustainable development of mankind, with the steric sea level (SSL) variations being one of the primary contributors to these changes. Here, we utilize four types of temperature and salinity products (i.e., EN4, IAP, SODA, and GDCSM) to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of global SSL changes from 1980 to 2020. We also explore the relationship between SSL changes and the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The findings reveal a rising trend of 0.64\u20130.97 mm\/a in global SSL over the past 40 years, and the annual amplitudes of SSL time series are within the range of 0\u201350 mm. The SSL trend at a depth of 0\u2013100 m exerts the greatest influence on the overall trend. The ENSO phenomenon has an obvious influence on sea level changes both in the equatorial Pacific region and global scale. The changes in the global sea level (GSL) associated with ENSO are primarily caused by changes in SSL. This study benefits the understanding of SSL changes and their connection to climate change, serves as a reference for comprehensively assessing sea level change mechanisms using diverse datasets and remote sensing technology, and further provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of mankind in coastal areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T11:46:05Z","timestamp":1720179965000},"page":"2466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Significant Increase in Global Steric Sea Level Variations over the Past 40 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangli","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7796-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuaibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7380-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peijun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Interpretation of IPCC AR6 report: Monitoring and Projections of Global and Regional Sea Level Change","volume":"18","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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