{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:49:53Z","timestamp":1773359393341,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper quantifies the annual dynamics of the shortwave radiation reflected from bare arable land as a result of smoothing previously plowed land located in three different agricultural subregions of the European Union and associated countries. This estimate takes into account the annual variation of the bare arable land area, obtained from Sentinel 2 satellite imagery; the spatial variability of soil units within croplands, obtained from digital soil and land-cover maps; and the laboratory spectral reflectance characteristics of these units, obtained from soil samples stored in the LUCAS soil database. The properties of the soil units, which cover an area of at least 4% of each subregion, were characterized. The highest amounts of shortwave radiation reflected under clear-sky conditions from air-dried, bare arable land surfaces\u2014approximately 850 PJ day\u22121 and 1.10 EJ day\u22121 for land shaped by a plow (Pd) and smoothing harrow (Hs), respectively\u2014were found in the summer around 8 August in the western subregion. However, the lowest radiation occurred in the spring on 10 April at 340 PJ day\u22121 for Pd and 430 PJ day\u22121 for Hs in the central subregion. The largest and the smallest amounts of this radiation throughout the year\u2014only as a result of smoothing, by Hs, land that was previously treated by Pd\u2014was estimated at 42 EJ for the western and southern subregions and 19 EJ for the central subregion, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T07:57:45Z","timestamp":1720425465000},"page":"2476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Annual Dynamics of Shortwave Radiation as Consequence of Smoothing Previously Plowed Bare Arable Land Surface in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Cierniewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing of Environment and Soil Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznan, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Ceglarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing of Environment and Soil Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Bogumi\u0142a Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznan, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, January 10). 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