{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:15:57Z","timestamp":1760145357713,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program","award":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"]}]},{"name":"NSFC project","award":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"]}]},{"name":"NSFC-STINT project","award":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk0105","52039004","52079055","52011530128","202100-3211"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and reliable estimation of actual evapotranspiration (AET) is essential for various hydrological studies, including drought prediction, water resource management, and the analysis of atmospheric\u2013terrestrial carbon exchanges. Gridded AET products offer potential for application in ungauged areas, but their uncertainties may be significant, making it difficult to identify the best products for specific regions. While in situ data directly estimate gridded ET products, their applicability is limited in ungauged areas that require FLUXNET data. This paper employs an Extended Triple Collocation (ETC) method to estimate the uncertainty of Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FLDAS), and Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) AET product without requiring prior information. Subsequently, a merged ET product is generated by combining ET estimates from three original products. Furthermore, the study quantifies the uncertainty of each individual product across different vegetation covers and then compares three original products and the Merged ET with data from 645 in situ sites. The results indicate that GLEAM covers the largest area, accounting for 39.1% based on the correlation coefficient criterion and 39.9% based on the error variation criterion. Meanwhile, FLDAS and MEP exhibit similar performance characteristics. The merged ET derived from the ETC method demonstrates the ability to mitigate uncertainty in ET estimates in North American (NA) and European (EU) regions, as well as tundra, forest, grassland, and shrubland areas. This merged ET could be effectively utilized to reduce uncertainty in AET estimates from multiple products for ungauged areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T07:57:45Z","timestamp":1720425465000},"page":"2484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Different Vegetation Covers Leading to the Uncertainty and Consistency of ET Estimation: A Case Study Assessment with Extended Triple Collocation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunlai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Hydrology, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7429-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2022.101226","article-title":"A causal structure-based multiple-criteria decision framework for evaluating the water-related ecosystem service tradeoffs in a desert oasis region","volume":"44","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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