{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:39:21Z","timestamp":1773887961524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint HKU-CAS Laboratory for iEarth","award":["313GJHZ2022074MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313GJHZ2022074MI"]}]},{"name":"Joint HKU-CAS Laboratory for iEarth","award":["E4F3050300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E4F3050300"]}]},{"name":"Joint HKU-CAS Laboratory for iEarth","award":["2022YFC3800700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3800700"]}]},{"name":"Joint HKU-CAS Laboratory for iEarth","award":["2022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022122"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["313GJHZ2022074MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313GJHZ2022074MI"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["E4F3050300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E4F3050300"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFC3800700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3800700"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022122"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","award":["313GJHZ2022074MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313GJHZ2022074MI"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","award":["E4F3050300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E4F3050300"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","award":["2022YFC3800700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3800700"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","award":["2022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022122"]}]},{"name":"CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation (SDIM)","award":["313GJHZ2022074MI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313GJHZ2022074MI"]}]},{"name":"CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation (SDIM)","award":["E4F3050300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E4F3050300"]}]},{"name":"CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation (SDIM)","award":["2022YFC3800700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3800700"]}]},{"name":"CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence on Space Technology for Disaster Mitigation (SDIM)","award":["2022122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams are crucial for the water cycle and ecosystem services, yet they are often neglected by managers and researchers, especially in headwater areas. This oversight has caused a lack of comprehensive basemaps for these vital river systems. In headwater regions, water bodies are typically sparse and disconnected, with narrow and less distinct channels. Therefore, we propose a novel hybrid method that integrates topographic data and remote sensing imagery to delineate river networks. Our method reestablishes connectivity among sparsely distributed water bodies through topographic pairs, enhances less distinct channel features using the gamma function, and converts topographic and water indices data into a weighted graph to determine optimal channels with the A* algorithm. The topographic and water indices data are derived from the Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain DEM (MERIT DEM) and an average composite of the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), respectively. In the upper Lancang-Mekong River basin, our method outperformed five publicly available DEM datasets, achieving over 91% positional accuracy within a 30 m buffer. This hybrid method enhances positional accuracy and effectively connects sparse water bodies in headwater areas, offering promising applications for delineating intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams and providing baseline information for these river systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T07:57:45Z","timestamp":1720425465000},"page":"2489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Delineation of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams Using a Hybrid Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huichen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128845","article-title":"Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources","volume":"313","author":"Oki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.12.025","article-title":"Managing Temporary Streams and Rivers as Unique Rather than Second-Class Ecosystems","volume":"211","author":"Hunter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. 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