{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:56:14Z","timestamp":1781268974440,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42161160328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42161160328"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42171120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171120"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["lzujbky-2021-72"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-72"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["lzujbky-2021-ct13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-ct13"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42161160328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42161160328"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42171120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171120"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["lzujbky-2021-72"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-72"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["lzujbky-2021-ct13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-ct13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate warming can lead to permafrost degradation, potentially resulting in slope failures such as retrogressive thaw slumps (RTSs). The formation of and changes in RTSs could exacerbate the degradation of permafrost and the environment in general. The mechanisms of RTS progression and the potential consequences on the analogous freeze\u2013thaw cycle are not well understood, owing partly to necessitating field work under harsh conditions and with high costs. Here, we used multi-source remote sensing and field surveys to quantify the changes in an RTS on Eboling Mountain in the Qilian Mountain Range in west-central China. Based on optical remote sensing and SBAS-InSAR measurements, we analyzed the RTS evolution and the underlying drivers, combined with meteorological observations. The RTS expanded from 56 m2 in 2015 to 4294 m2 in 2022, growing at a rate of 1300 m2\/a to its maximum in 2018 and then decreasing. Changes in temperature and precipitation play a dominant role in the evolution of the RTS, and the extreme weather in 2016 may also be a primary contributor to the accelerated growth, with an average deformation of \u22128.3 mm during the thawing period, which decreased slope stability. The RTS evolved more actively during the thawing and early freezing process, with earthquakes having potentially contributed further to RTS evolution. We anticipate that the rate of RTS evolution is likely to increase in the coming years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T07:57:45Z","timestamp":1720425465000},"page":"2490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Observed Retrogressive Thaw Slump Evolution in the Qilian Mountains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xingyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station on Eco-Environment of Frozen Ground in the Qilian Mountains, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Provincial General Geological and Environmental Monitoring Station (Qinghai Provincial Geological Disaster Prevention and Control Technical Guidance Center), Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver W.","family":"Frauenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuicui","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Observation and Research Station on Eco-Environment of Frozen Ground in the Qilian Mountains, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"From the Third Pole to the Arctic: Changes and impacts of the climate and cryosphere","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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