{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:14:32Z","timestamp":1760145272038,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273093","12273094","23ZR1473800","2023A1515011323","202208440223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma bubbles represent notable ionospheric irregularities primarily observed in low latitudes, characterized by plasma depletions exhibiting large spatial scales, which can make a significant impact on the propagation of OTHR (over-the-horizon radar) waves. Firstly, we constructed a three-dimensional model of plasma bubbles, which is modulated by Gaussian function distribution in the horizontal direction, and then we analyzed the impact of EPBs (Equatorial Plasma Bubbles) on the ray path of OTHR shortwaves. When radio waves propagate through EPBs with different RMS \u0394N\/N, there is a significant difference in the propagation path of OTHR waves. For the EPB with an RMS \u0394N\/N of 75%, radio waves exhibit more pronounced refraction than those with lower RMS values, the focusing effect of radio waves is more obvious, and the focusing point is relatively lower. In terms of different seasons, OTHR shortwaves propagating through EPBs exhibit different degrees of refraction. In addition, radio waves show the effect of inward focusing in different seasons: the focusing effect is the most pronounced in spring, followed by autumn, then summer, and the weakest in winter. For different solar activities, the impact of EPBs on OTHR shortwaves is more significant in the high-solar-activity year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1720429279000},"page":"2494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Plasma Bubbles on OTHR Shortwave Propagation in Different Backgrounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-7139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering School, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Scattering of radio waves by the F-region of the ionosphere","volume":"43","author":"Booker","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. 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