{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:47:43Z","timestamp":1772635663872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Algeria, the main fire hotspot on the southern rim of the Mediterranean Basin, lacks a complete fire dataset with official fire perimeters, and the existing one contains inconsistencies. Preprocessed global and regional burned area (BA) products provide valuable insights into fire patterns, characteristics, and dynamics over time and space, and into their impact on climate change. Nevertheless, they exhibit certain limitations linked with their inherent spatio-temporal resolutions as well as temporal and geographical coverage. To address the need for reliable BA information in Algeria, we systematically reconstructed, validated, and analyzed a 40-year (1984\u20132023) BA product (NEALGEBA; North Eastern ALGeria Burned Area) at 30 m spatial resolution in the typical Mediterranean ecosystems of this region, following international standards. We used Landsat data and the BA Mapping Tools (BAMTs) in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map BAs. The spatial validation of NEALGEBA, performed for 2017 and 2021 using independent 10 m spatial resolution Sentinel-2 reference data, showed overall accuracies &gt; 98.10%; commission and omission errors &lt; 8.20%; Dice coefficients &gt; 91.90%; and relative biases &lt; 3.44%. The temporal validation, however, using MODIS and VIIRS active fire hotspots, emphasized the limitation of Landsat-based BA products in temporal fire reporting accuracy terms. The intercomparison with five readily available BA products for 2017, by using the same validation process, demonstrated the overall outperformance of NEALGEBA. Furthermore, our BA product exhibited the highest correspondence with the ground-based BA estimates. NEALGEBA currently represents the most continuous and reliable time series of BA history at fine spatial resolution for NE Algeria, offering a significant contribution to further national and international fire hazard and impact assessments and acts as a reference dataset for contextualizing future weather extremes, such as the 2023 exceptional heat wave, which we show not to have led to the most extreme fire year over the last four decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"2500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Forty-Year Fire History Reconstruction from Landsat Data in Mediterranean Ecosystems of Algeria following International Standards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostefa E.","family":"Kouachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Forests Conservation of S\u00e9tif, Directorate General of Forests (DGF), Cit\u00e9 Ain Tbinet, S\u00e9tif 19000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Khairoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Department of Geology, Geography and the Environment, Colegios 2, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4421-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymen","family":"Moghli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of S\u00e9tif 1, Campus El-Bez, Algiers Road, S\u00e9tif 19137, Algeria"},{"name":"Forest Science and Technology Center of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. de St. Lloren\u00e7 de Morunys, 25280 Solsona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souad","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 53 Constantine Road, Fesdis, Batna 05078, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florent","family":"Mouillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paul-Val\u00e9ry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Jaime","family":"Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9610-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassane","family":"Moutahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstra\u00dfe 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1163886","article-title":"Fire in the Earth System","volume":"324","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.03.002","article-title":"Historical and Future Global Burned Area with Changing Climate and Human Demography","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2318","article-title":"Increasing Forest Disturbances in Europe and Their Impact on Carbon Storage","volume":"4","author":"Seidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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