{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:15:23Z","timestamp":1774350923600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and High Education of the Russian Federation FFER-2022-0002","award":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and High Education of the Russian Federation FFER-2022-0002","award":["FZNU-2024-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNU-2024-0002"]}]},{"name":"State Assignment of the Grozny State Oil Technical University","award":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"]}]},{"name":"State Assignment of the Grozny State Oil Technical University","award":["FZNU-2024-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNU-2024-0002"]}]},{"name":"Government of the Tyumen region","award":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1022031600002-1-1.6.19"]}]},{"name":"Government of the Tyumen region","award":["FZNU-2024-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZNU-2024-0002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the potential of using Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAVs) as a measurement platform for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes over complex terrain. We proposed and tested an inverse modeling approach for retrieving GHG fluxes based on two-level measurements of GHG concentrations and airflow properties over complex terrain with high spatial resolution. Our approach is based on a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model capable of determining the airflow parameters that affect the spatial distribution of GHG concentrations within the atmospheric boundary layer. The model is primarily designed to solve the forward problem of calculating the steady-state distribution of GHG concentrations and fluxes at different levels over an inhomogeneous land surface within the model domain. The inverse problem deals with determining the unknown surface GHG fluxes by minimizing the difference between measured and modeled GHG concentrations at two selected levels above the land surface. Several numerical experiments were conducted using surrogate data that mimicked UAV observations of varying accuracies and density of GHG concentration measurements to test the robustness of the approach. Our primary modeling target was a 6 km2 forested area in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Russia, characterized by complex topography and mosaic vegetation. The numerical experiments show that the proposed inverse modeling approach can effectively solve the inverse problem, with the resulting flux distribution having the same spatial pattern as the required flux. However, the approach tends to overestimate the mean value of the required flux over the domain, with the maximum errors in flux estimation associated with areas of maximum steepness in the surface topography. The accuracy of flux estimates improves as the number of points and the accuracy of the concentration measurements increase. Therefore, the density of UAV measurements should be adjusted according to the complexity of the terrain to improve the accuracy of the modeling results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Inverse Modeling Approach for Retrieving High-Resolution Surface Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases from Measurements of Their Concentrations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliia","family":"Mukhartova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Management, Grozny State Oil Technical University, 100, Isaeva Av., Grozny 364024, Russia"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Sogachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, 33, Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0496-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravil","family":"Gibadullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Management, Grozny State Oil Technical University, 100, Isaeva Av., Grozny 364024, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladislava","family":"Pridacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk 185910, Russia"}]},{"given":"Ibragim A.","family":"Kerimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Management, Grozny State Oil Technical University, 100, Isaeva Av., Grozny 364024, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Olchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Management, Grozny State Oil Technical University, 100, Isaeva Av., Grozny 364024, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of the Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interactions of the Mire-Forest Landscapes, Yugra State University, 16, Chekhova Str., Khanty-Mansiysk 628000, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.O., Roberts, D.C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E.S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegr\u00eda, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., L\u00f6schke, S., and M\u00f6ller, V. 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