{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:37:49Z","timestamp":1767008269767,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Conservation","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Defence Force","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Transport Authority, Transpower, Genesis Energy","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"Horizons Regional Council","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"Waikato Regional Council","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"Lake Rotoaira Forest Trust","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Remote Sensing of Aotearoa research program","award":["C09X1709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C09X1709"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing was used to map the invasion of yellow-flowered legumes on the Central Plateau of New Zealand to inform weed management strategy. The distributions of Cytisus scoparius (broom), Ulex europaeus (gorse) and Lupinus arboreus (tree lupin) were captured with high-resolution RGB photographs of the plants while flowering. The outcomes of herbicide operations to control C. scoparius and U. europaeus over time were also assessed through repeat photography and change mapping. A grid-square sampling tool previously developed by Manaaki Whenua\u2014Landcare Research was used to help transfer data rapidly from photography to maps using manual classification. Artificial intelligence was trialled and ruled out because the number of false positives could not be tolerated. Future actions to protect the natural values and vistas of the Central Plateau from legume invasion were identified. While previous control operations have mostly targeted large, highly visible legume patches, the importance of removing outlying plants to prevent the establishment of new seed banks and slow spread has been underestimated. Outliers not only establish new, large, long-lived seed banks in previously seed-free areas, but they also contribute more to range expansion than larger patches. Our C. scoparius and U. europaeus change mapping confirms and helps to visualise the establishment and expansion of uncontrolled outliers. The power of visualizing weed control strategies through remote sensing has supported recommendations to improve outlier control to achieve long-term, sustainable landscape-scale suppression of invasive legumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16132503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"2503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Remote Sensing Guides Management Strategy for Invasive Legumes on the Central Plateau, New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manaaki Whenua\u2014Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4809-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manaaki Whenua\u2014Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, P.O. Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Craig I.","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horizons Regional Council, Manawatu Mail Centre, Private Bag 11025, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03405-6","article-title":"High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide","volume":"592","author":"Diagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.67.69971","article-title":"The economic costs of biological invasions around the world","volume":"67","author":"Zenni","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeoBiota"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12515","article-title":"Acacia saligna\u2019s soil legacy effects persist up to 10 years after clearing: Implications for ecological restoration","volume":"42","author":"Nsikani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.12669","article-title":"Barriers to ecosystem restoration presented by soil legacy effects of invasive alien N2-fxing woody species: Implications for ecological restoration","volume":"26","author":"Nsikani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Restor. 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