{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:32:52Z","timestamp":1781109172733,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2023, most parts of the world experienced exceptional heat. In particular, anomalous warm temperatures and heatwave events were evidenced across South America during the second half of the year. The situation was particularly critical in the Amazon region in terms of not only hydrometeorological drought but also ecological and socioeconomic impacts. In this study, remote-sensing data collected from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to observe the changes in temperature and vegetation across Amazonia during the exceptional drought of 2023. This analysis was based on anomalies in the land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices: the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The amplitude of the LST (AMP-LST), an indicator of the energy partitioning between the latent and sensible heat flux, and fire counts were also considered. The results show widespread and extreme warming across Amazonia during the austral spring in 2023, accompanied by a decline in vegetation greenness, water stress conditions across northern Amazonia, and an enhanced fire occurrence across central and northern Amazonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1720538840000},"page":"2519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Vegetation Warming and Greenness Decline across Amazonia during the Extreme Drought of 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit (GCU) of the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Estudi General (UVEG), C\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Unit (GCU) of the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia Estudi General (UVEG), C\/Catedr\u00e1tico Jos\u00e9 Beltr\u00e1n 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Earth Observation Unit, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8640-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Unit, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7570-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Libonati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias (IGEO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5995-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias (IGEO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6820-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geoci\u00eancias (IGEO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhan-Carlo","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des G\u00e9osciences de l\u2019Environnement, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, 70 Rue de la Physique, Bat. OSUG-B. Domaine Universitaire, 38400 Saint Martin d\u2019H\u00e8res, France"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre la Ense\u00f1anza de las Matem\u00e1ticas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Marengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN), Estrada Doutor Altino Bondesan, 500\u2014Distrito de Eug\u00eanio de Melo, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-060, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-004, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate School of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-024-00536-y","article-title":"Extreme terrestrial heat in 2023","volume":"5","author":"Barriopedro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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