{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T03:17:46Z","timestamp":1774235866172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310042\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310042\/2021-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the Research Productivity Fellowship of Sanches","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the Research Productivity Fellowship of Sanches","award":["310042\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310042\/2021-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brazil, as a global player in soybean production, contributes about 35% to the world\u2019s supply and over half of its agricultural exports. Therefore, reliable information about its development becomes imperative to those who follow the market. Thus, this study estimates three phenological stages of soybean crops (sowing, beginning seed, and harvesting dates), identifying spatial\u2013temporal patterns of soybean phenology using phenological metric extraction techniques from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Focused on the state of Paran\u00e1, this study validates the methodology using reference data from the Department of Rural Economics (DERAL). Subsequently, the model was applied to the major Brazilian soybean area cultivation. The results demonstrate strong agreement between the phenological estimates and reference data, showcasing the reliability of phenological metrics in capturing the stages of the soybean cycle. This study represents the first attempt, to the best of our knowledge, to correlate the vegetative peak of soybeans with the beginning seed stage at a large scale within Brazilian territory. Amidst the urgent need for the accurate estimation of agricultural crop phenological stages, particularly considering extreme weather events threatening global food security, this research emphasizes the continual importance of advancing techniques for soybean monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1720538840000},"page":"2520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Method for Estimating Soybean Sowing, Beginning Seed, and Harvesting Dates in Brazil Using NDVI-MODIS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cleverton Tiago Carneiro de","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Graduate Program (PGSER), Coordination of Teaching, Research and Extension (COEPE), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Management of Crop Monitoring (GEASA), Superintendence of Agricultural Information (SUINF), Directorate of Agricultural Policy and Information (DIPAI), National Food Supply Company (CONAB), SGAS I Setor de Grandes \u00c1reas Sul 901 s\/n, Asa Sul, Bras\u00edlia 70390-010, DF, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ieda Del\u2019Arco","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Graduate Program (PGSER), Coordination of Teaching, Research and Extension (COEPE), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), General Coordination of Earth Science (CG-CT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3086-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcellus Marques","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Kansas State University, 1001 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-1111, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4247-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Graduate Program (PGSER), Coordination of Teaching, Research and Extension (COEPE), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division (DIOTG), General Coordination of Earth Science (CG-CT), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO\u2014Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2023, October 26). 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