{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T04:02:53Z","timestamp":1773374573384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office to P\u00e9ter Tak\u00e1cs","award":["KDP-2020-ELTE-1010099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KDP-2020-ELTE-1010099"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral School of the Physical Institute of the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","award":["KDP-2020-ELTE-1010099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KDP-2020-ELTE-1010099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drone-based imaging polarimetry is a valuable new tool for the remote sensing of the polarization characteristics of the Earth\u2019s surface. After briefly reviewing two earlier drone-polarimetric studies, we present here the results of our drone-polarimetric campaigns, in which we measured the reflection\u2013polarization patterns of greenhouses. From the measured patterns of the degree and angle of linear polarization of reflected light, we calculated the measure (plp) of polarized light pollution of glass surfaces. The knowledge of polarized light pollution is important for aquatic insect ecology, since polarotactic aquatic insects are the endangered victims of artificial horizontally polarized light sources. We found that the so-called Palm House of a botanical garden has only a low polarized light pollution, 3.6% \u2264 plp \u2264 13.7%, while the greenhouses with tilted roofs are strongly polarized-light-polluting, with 24.8% \u2264 plp \u2264 40.4%. Similarly, other tilted-roofed greenhouses contain very high polarized light pollution, plp \u2264 76.7%. Under overcast skies, the polarization patterns and plp values of greenhouses practically only depend on the direction of view relative to the glass surfaces, as the rotationally invariant diffuse cloud light is the only light source. However, under cloudless skies, the polarization patterns of glass surfaces significantly depend on the azimuth direction of view and its angle relative to the solar meridian because, in this case, sunlight is the dominant light source, rather than the sky. In the case of a given direction of view, those glass surfaces are the strongest polarized-light-polluting, from which sunlight and\/or skylight is reflected at or near Brewster\u2019s angle in a nearly vertical plane, i.e., with directions of polarization close to horizontal. Therefore, the plp value is usually greatest when the sun shines directly or from behind. The plp value of greenhouses is always the smallest in the green spectral range due to the green plants under the glass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T08:35:17Z","timestamp":1721032517000},"page":"2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reflection\u2013Polarization Characteristics of Greenhouses Studied by Drone-Polarimetry Focusing on Polarized Light Pollution of Glass Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5668-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Adalbert","family":"Tibi\u00e1ssy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Bern\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Gotthard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Machine and Product Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem Rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny S\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605291","article-title":"A polarization-sensitive response of the flying water bug Notonecta glauca to UV light","volume":"150","author":"Schwind","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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