{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:14:20Z","timestamp":1760145260842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["42076181","42061134016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076181","42061134016"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Russian Science Foundation","award":["42076181","42061134016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076181","42061134016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined how wind forcing affects the upper ocean response under idealized tropical cyclone (TC) conditions. In this study, we constructed three parameterized wind fields with varying spatial and temporal resolutions for TCs of different intensities and translation speeds. The simulated surface and subsurface temperatures were cooler and deeper when using the blended wind fields owing to their higher wind speeds compared to those from coarse\u2013resolution wind fields. Additionally, TC\u2013induced currents were significantly stronger on the right side of the TC track, with notable differences in current velocities. Similar to the increase in ocean currents, the simulated turbulent kinetic energy driven by the blended winds is significantly higher than that simulated by the coarse-resolution wind fields. These findings suggest that using high-quality wind fields to drive ocean models can enhance the accuracy of the upper ocean response to TCs. The sensitivity of the upper ocean responses to wind forcing depends on the TC\u2019s intensity and translation speed. Stronger and slower-moving TCs induce greater vertical shear and enhanced mixing. Therefore, accurate wind stress as a surface boundary condition is crucial for numerical ocean models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T12:44:36Z","timestamp":1721047476000},"page":"2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Tropical Cyclone Wind Forcing on Improving Upper Ocean Simulation: An Idealized Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1175\/2007MWR2032.1","article-title":"The Operational GFDL Coupled Hurricane\u2013Ocean Prediction System and a Summary of Its Performance","volume":"135","author":"Bender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mon. 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