{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T07:21:42Z","timestamp":1783840902741,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220101100JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101100JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20180101329JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180101329JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61371158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61371158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220101100JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220101100JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20180101329JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180101329JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61371158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61371158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrapulse modulation classification of radar signals plays an important role in modern electronic reconnaissance, countermeasures, etc. In this paper, to improve the recognition rate at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we propose a recognition method using the second-order short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based synchrosqueezing transform (FSST2) combined with a modified convolution neural network, which we name MeNet. In particular, the radar signals are first preprocessed via the time\u2013frequency analysis and STFT-based FSST2. Then, the informative features of the time\u2013frequency images (TFIs) are deeply learned and classified through the MeNet with several specific convolutional blocks. The simulation results show that the overall recognition rate for seven types of intrapulse modulation radar signals can reach 95.6%, even when the SNR is \u221212 dB. Compared with other networks, the excellent recognition rate proves the superiority of our method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T12:44:36Z","timestamp":1721047476000},"page":"2582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intrapulse Modulation Radar Signal Recognition Using CNN with Second-Order STFT-Based Synchrosqueezing Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9562-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kawalec, A., and Owczarek, R. (2004, January 17\u201319). Radar emitter recognition using intrapulse data. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04EX824), Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Wu, B., and Li, P. (2021). Intra-pulse modulation classification of radar emitter signals based on a 1-D selective rernel convolutional neural network. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142799"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13135","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2892526","article-title":"Fusion image based radar signal feature extraction and modulation recognition","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Liu, L., and Diao, M. (2016). LPI radar waveform recognition based on time\u2013frequency distribution. 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Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/14\/2582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:42Z","timestamp":1760109402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/14\/2582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16142582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16142582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]}}}