{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:33:07Z","timestamp":1772771587929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ja\u00e9n (Spain)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article addresses anthropogenic and geological conditions related to the development of soil subsidence in the western zone of Recife (Brazil). Over the past 50 years, human activity has intensified in areas previously affected by soft soils (clay, silt, and sandstone) resulting in subsidence due to additional loads (landfills and constructions). The duration of the settlement process can be significantly influenced by the specific characteristics of the soil composition and geological conditions of the location. This work presents, for the first time, accurate InSAR time series maps that describe the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of the settlement, as well as the correlation with the geological profile, and validation with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PS-InSAR) was employed in the analysis of Single Look Complex (SLC) images generated by 100 ascending COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) and 65 PAZ (32 ascending, and 33 descending) from the X-band, along with 135 descending Sentinel-1 (S1) acquisitions from the C-band. These data were acquired over the period from 2011 to 2023. The occurrence of subsidence was identified in several locations within the western region, with the most significant displacement rates observed in the northern, central, and southern areas. In the northern region, the displacement rates were estimated to be approximately \u221220 mm\/year, with the V\u00e1rzea and Caxang\u00e1 neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. In the central region, the displacement rates were estimated to be approximately \u221215 mm\/year, with the Engenho do Meio, Cordeiro, Torr\u00f5es, and San Martin neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. Finally, in the southern region, the displacement rates were estimated to be up to \u221225 mm\/year, with the Ca\u00e7ote, Ibura, and Ipsep neighborhoods exhibiting the highest rates. Additionally, east\u2013west movements were observed, with velocities reaching up to \u22127 mm\/year toward the west. These movements are related to the lowering of the land. The study highlights that anthropogenic effects in the western zone of Recife contribute to the region\u2019s vulnerability to soil subsidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1721067452000},"page":"2592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of Urbanization-Induced Land Subsidence in the City of Recife (Brazil) Using Persistent Scatterer SAR Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9916-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendson de Oliveira","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transports and Geomatics, Center for Technology, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Gustavo","family":"de Moura Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acquaprojetos Hydrology and Drainage Consulting, Avenue Carlos Gomes, Porto Alegre 90480-002, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime Joaquim","family":"da Silva Pereira Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife 50720-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Miguel","family":"Ruiz-Armenteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Microgeodesia Ja\u00e9n Research Group (PAIDI RNM-282), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies on Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment CEACTEMA, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-3908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Quental Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Admilson","family":"da Penha Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8998-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson","family":"Ramos Arag\u00e3o Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-372-115-2015","article-title":"Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta","volume":"372","author":"Abidin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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