{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:23:06Z","timestamp":1775791386530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"WISE-PreP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"WISE-PreP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"ARTEMIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"ARTEMIS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona","award":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"]}]},{"name":"Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona","award":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124253OB-I00 MINECO\/FEDER"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on the Core GPM satellite provides spaceborne three-dimensional observations of precipitation fields and surface rainfall rate with quasi-global coverage. The present study evaluates the behavior of liquid precipitation intensity, radar reflectivity factor (ZKu and ZKa) and drop size distribution (DSD) parameters (weighted mean diameter Dm and intercept parameter Nw) of the GPM DPR-derived products, version 07, from 2014 to 2023. Observations from seven Parsivel disdrometers located in different topographic zones in the Western Mediterranean are taken as ground references. Four matching techniques between satellite estimates and ground level observations were tested, and the best results were found for the so-called optimal comparison approach. Overall, GPM DPR products captured the variability of the observed DSD well at different rainfall intensities. However, overestimation of the mean Dm and underestimation of the mean Nw were observed, being much more sensitive to errors in drop diameters larger than 1.5 mm. Moreover, the lowest errors were found for radar reflectivity factor and Dm, and the highest for Nw and rainfall rate. In addition, the GPM DPR convective and stratiform classification was tested, and a substantial overestimation of stratiform cases compared to disdrometer observations were found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1721129517000},"page":"2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Validation of GPM DPR Rainfall and Drop Size Distributions Using Disdrometer Observations in the Western Mediterranean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Pein\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Water Research Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8900-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Polls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Udina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Petracca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Adirosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, CH\u20137260 Davos, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1771-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brice","family":"Boudevillain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/2017RG000574","article-title":"A Review of Global Precipitation Data Sets: Data Sources, Estimation, and Intercomparisons","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. 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