{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:02:38Z","timestamp":1777399358694,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["810139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810139"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["810139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810139"]}]},{"name":"Project Portugal Twinning for Innovation and Excellence in Marine Science and Earth Observation","award":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/113932\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Project Portugal Twinning for Innovation and Excellence in Marine Science and Earth Observation","award":["810139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous policies have been proposed by international and supranational institutions, such as the European Union, to surveil Earth from space and furnish indicators of environmental conditions across diverse scenarios. In tandem with these policies, different initiatives, particularly on both sides of the Atlantic, have emerged to provide valuable data for environmental management such as the concept of essential climate variables. However, a key question arises: do the available data align with the monitoring requirements outlined in these policies? In this paper, we concentrate on Earth Observation (EO) optical data applications for environmental monitoring, with a specific emphasis on ocean colour. In a rapidly changing climate, it becomes imperative to consider data requirements for upcoming space missions. We place particular significance on the application of these data when monitoring lakes and marine protected areas (MPAs). These two use cases, albeit very different in nature, underscore the necessity for higher-spatial-resolution imagery to effectively study these vital habitats. Limnological ecosystems, sensitive to ice melting and temperature fluctuations, serve as crucial indicators of a climate in change. Simultaneously, MPAs, although generally small in size, play a crucial role in safeguarding marine biodiversity and supporting sustainable marine resource management. They are increasingly acknowledged as a critical component of global efforts to conserve and manage marine ecosystems, as exemplified by Target 3 of the Kunming\u2013Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), which aims to effectively conserve 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal, and marine areas by 2030 through protected areas and other conservation measures. In this paper, we analysed different policies concerning EO data and their application to environmental-based monitoring. We also reviewed and analysed the existing relevant literature in order to find gaps that need to be bridged to effectively monitor these habitats in an ecosystem-based approach, making data more accessible, leading to the generation of water quality indicators derived from new high- and very high-resolution satellite monitoring focusing especially on Chlorophyll-a concentrations. Such data are pivotal for comprehending, at small and local scales, how these habitats are responding to climate change and various stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1721142351000},"page":"2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Earth Observation\u2014An Essential Tool towards Effective Aquatic Ecosystems\u2019 Management under a Climate in Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Brotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"PML\u2014Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipe Duarte","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCIAM-CE3C, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C19","DOI":"10.1038\/35011515","article-title":"\u2018Earth System\u2019 Analysis and the Second Copernican Revolution","volume":"402","author":"Schellnhuber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12498","article-title":"Detecting Climate-Related Shifts in Lakes: A Review of the Use of Satellite Earth Observation","volume":"69","author":"Calamita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnol Ocean."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.M., Babanin, A., Teresa De Castro Rodr\u00edguez, M., and Soldatenko, S. 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