{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:03:19Z","timestamp":1769551399280,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2133216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2133216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62222120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62222120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZT08X751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08X751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20190929172704911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20190929172704911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2133216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2133216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62222120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62222120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZT08X751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08X751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KQTD20190929172704911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20190929172704911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["U2133216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2133216"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["62222120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62222120"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2019ZT08X751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZT08X751"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KQTD20190929172704911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20190929172704911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By simultaneously transmitting multiple different waveform signals, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar possesses higher degrees of freedom and potential in many aspects compared to a traditional phased-array radar. The spatial\u2013temporal characteristics of waveforms are the key to determining their performance. In this paper, a transmitting waveform design method based on spatial\u2013temporal joint (STJ) optimization for a MIMO radar is proposed, where waveforms are designed not only for beam-pattern matching (BPM) but also for minimizing the autocorrelation sidelobes (ACSLs) of the spatial synthesis signals (SSSs) in the directions of interest. Firstly, the STJ model is established, where the two-step strategy and least squares method are utilized for BPM, and the L2p-Norm of the ACSL is constructed as the criterion for temporal characteristics optimization. Secondly, by transforming it into an unconstrained optimization problem about the waveform phase and using the gradient descent (GD) algorithm, the hard, non-convex, high-dimensional, nonlinear optimization problem is solved efficiently. Finally, the method\u2019s effectiveness is verified through numerical simulation. The results show that our method is suitable for both orthogonal and partial-correlation MIMO waveform designs and efficiently achieves better spatial\u2013temporal characteristic performances simultaneously in comparison with existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1721650838000},"page":"2647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial\u2013Temporal Joint Design and Optimization of Phase-Coded Waveform for MIMO Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1040-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Naval Aviation University, Yantai 246000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2783-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2007.904812","article-title":"MIMO radar with colocated antennas","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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