{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:01:29Z","timestamp":1773774089839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Qianjiang Laboratory, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University","award":["2020-Y7-A-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-Y7-A-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For time division multiplexing multiple input multiple output (TDM MIMO) millimeter wave radar, the measurement of target range, velocity and other parameters depends on the phase of the received Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal. The coupling between range and velocity phases occurs when measuring moving targets, leading to inevitable errors in calculating range and velocity from the phase, which in turn affects measurement accuracy. Traditional two-dimensional fast fourier transform (2D FFT) estimation errors are particularly pronounced at high velocity, significantly impacting measurement accuracy. Additionally, due to limitations imposed by the Nyquist sampling theorem, there is a restricted range for velocity measurements that can result in aliasing. In this study, we propose a method to address the coupling of range and velocity based on the original signal as well as a method for velocity compensation to resolve aliasing issues. Our research findings demonstrate that this approach effectively reduces errors in measuring ranges and velocities of high-velocity moving targets while efficiently de-aliasing velocities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T15:15:19Z","timestamp":1721402119000},"page":"2648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Range-Velocity Measurement Accuracy Improvement Based on Joint Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Multi-Input Multi-Output Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4912-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7628-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6970-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310052, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Liuyang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., and Zhang, H. (2022). A CFAR Algorithm Based on Monte Carlo Method for Millimeter-Wave Radar Road Traffic Target Detection. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081779"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1049\/rsn2.12443","article-title":"Urban Traffic Congestion Alleviation System Based on Millimeter Wave Radar and Improved Probabilistic Neural Network","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16043","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3075909","article-title":"Localization and Activity Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using mmWave FMCW Radars","volume":"21","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3167733","article-title":"Millimeter Wave FMCW RADARs for Perception, Recognition and Localization in Automotive Applications: A Survey","volume":"7","author":"Venon","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/JMW.2020.3033616","article-title":"Automotive Radar\u2014From First Efforts to Future Systems","volume":"1","author":"Waldschmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Microw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, M., Wang, H., Chen, Z., Fu, Y., Wu, S., and Sun, Z. (2023, January 4\u20136). Overview of the Development of Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar Technology. Proceedings of the 2023 4th China International SAR Symposium (CISS), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS60136.2023.10379900"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"359","article-title":"24 GHz Radar Sensors for Automotive Applications","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Klotz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.00EX428), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications. MIKON\u20142000, Wroclaw, Poland, 22\u201324 May 2000"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X. (2021, January 22\u201324). Design of the Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Waveforms, Simulation of the Real Road Scenario and Signal Processing for the Automotive Adaptive Cruise Control. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Computer Applications (ICPECA), Shenyang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPECA51329.2021.9362523"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.01.058","article-title":"A Blind Spot Detection and Warning System Based on Millimeter Wave Radar for Driver Assistance","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcbke, M., Hamoud, H., Fuchs, J., Dubey, A., Weigel, R., and Lurz, F. (2020, January 16\u201318). Channel Characterization at 77 GHz for Vehicular Communication. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), Ulm, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC51378.2020.9318405"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fcbke, M., Fuchs, J., Shatov, V., Dubey, A., Weigel, R., and Lurz, F. (2020, January 15\u201319). Simulation Environment of a Communication System Using CDMA at 77 GHz. Proceedings of the 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148403"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2017.2751301","article-title":"Compensation of Motion-Induced Phase Errors in TDM MIMO Radars","volume":"27","author":"Bechter","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2883856","article-title":"Parameter Estimation Method for Radar Maneuvering Target with Arbitrary Migrations","volume":"55","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moussa, A., and Liu, W. (2020, January 20\u201321). Fast and Accurate Range-Doppler Estimation in Multi-Target Wideband Automotive FMCW Radar. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UCET51115.2020.9205374"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Meng, H., Hu, C., Liu, Y., and Du, Z. (2015). Road and Vehicle Detection in Highway Scene for Automotive FMCW Antenna Array Radar, The Institution of Engineering and Technology."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, J., Zhu, D., Zhang, B., Chen, W., and Pan, S. (2019, January 5\u20138). Photonics-Based Receiver for Decoupled Velocity and Range Measurement. Proceedings of the 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN), Huangshan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN.2019.8934276"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J., Xi, Z., and Zhang, M. (2016, January 3\u20135). MTD Processing Based on Keystone Transform for LFMCW Radar. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC.2016.7867223"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5259182","article-title":"A Velocity Estimation Algorithm of Moving Targets using Single Antenna SAR","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, F.D.A., Guerreiro, A.S., Tejerina, G.R.D.L., Filho, J.C.S.S., Fraidenraich, G., and Yacoub, M.D. (2021). Doppler Estimation for High-Velocity Targets Using Subpulse Processing and the Classic Chinese Remainder Theorem. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7004404","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2023.3307083","article-title":"A Fast and Improved Dual-PRT Doppler Technique for Industrial Flow Metering","volume":"7","author":"Coutinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2066974","article-title":"A Closed-Form Robust Chinese Remainder Theorem and Its Performance Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasch, J., Fink, M., and Schmid, T. (2022, January 28\u201330). 77 GHz 4 \u00d7 4 TDM MIMO Radar with an Extended Unambiguous Velocity Range. Proceedings of the 2022 19th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD54643.2022.9924822"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3299259","article-title":"Automotive FMCW Radar with Difference Co-Chirps","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, R., Liu, H., and Sun, S. (November, January 31). A Deep Learning Approach for Doppler Unfolding in Automotive TDM MIMO Radar. Proceedings of the 2022 56th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF56349.2022.10051978"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"4815","article-title":"Deep-Neural-Network-Enabled Vehicle Detection Using High-Resolution Automotive Radar Imaging","volume":"59","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/14\/2648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:04Z","timestamp":1760109604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/14\/2648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16142648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16142648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}