{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:07Z","timestamp":1760145487280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kozmikus hat\u00e1sok \u00e9s kock\u00e1zatok","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"]}]},{"name":"Czech Academy of Sciences and Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"]}]},{"name":"Researcher Mobility Program of HUN-REN","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"]}]},{"name":"Bolyai Fellowship","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"]}]},{"name":"OTKA, Hungarian Scientific Research Fund","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00003","MTA-19-03","NKM 2018-28","KMP-2023\/77","BO\/00461\/21","PD 141967"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the peak days of the 2019 Leonids and Geminids (16\u201319 November and 10\u201316 December), two ionograms\/minute and one Skymap\/minute campaign measurements were carried out at the Sopron (47.63\u00b0N, 16.72\u00b0E) and Pr\u016fhonice (50.00\u00b0N, 14.60\u00b0E) Digisonde stations. The stations used frequencies between 1 and 17 MHz for the ionograms, and the Skymaps were made at 2.5 MHz. A temporary optical camera was also installed at Sopron with a lower brightness limit of +1 visual magnitude. The manual scaling of ionograms for November and December 2019 to study the behavior of the regular sporadic E layer was also completed. Although the distributions of the stations were similar, there were interesting differences despite the relative proximity of the stations. The optical measurements detected 88 meteors. A total of 376 meteor-induced traces were found on the Digisonde ionograms at a most probable amplitude (MPA) threshold of 4 dB and of these, 40 cases could be linked to reflections on the Skymaps, too. Of the 88 optical detections, 31 could be identified on the ionograms. The success of detections depends on the sensitivity of the instruments and the noise-filtering. Geometrically, meteors above 80 km and with an altitude angle of 40\u00b0 or higher can be detected using the Digisondes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1721650838000},"page":"2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Technical Possibilities and Limitations of the DPS-4D Type of Digisonde in Individual Meteor Detections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Sz\u00e1rnya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, 9400 Sopron, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1171 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zby\u0161ek","family":"Mo\u0161na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ionosphere and Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Antal","family":"Igaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Mikl\u00f3s Astronomical Institute, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ionosphere and Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias G. W.","family":"Verhulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Kouck\u00e1 Kn\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ionosphere and Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7575-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Podolsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ionosphere and Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, 9400 Sopron, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.1996.0218","article-title":"The Impending Appearance of Comet Tempel\u2013Tuttle and the Leonid Meteors","volume":"124","author":"Yeomans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/262.1.231","article-title":"The Geminid Meteor Stream and Asteroid 3200 Phaethon","volume":"262","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mon. 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