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We identified two shock wave-related TIDs and two Lamb wave-related TIDs following the eruptions. The two shock wave-related TIDs, propagating with velocities of 724\u2013750 and 445\u2013471 m\/s, respectively, were observed around New Zealand and Australia within a distance of 3500\u20136500 km from the eruptive center. These shock wave-related TIDs suffered severe attenuation during the propagation and disappeared more than 6500 km from the eruptive center. Based on the TEC data from the nearest ground-based receivers, we estimated the onset times of two main volcanic explosions at 04:20:54 UT \u00b1 116 s and 04:24:37 UT \u00b1 141 s, respectively. The two shock wave-related TIDs were most likely generated by these two main volcanic eruptions. The two Lamb wave-related TIDs propagated with velocities of 300\u2013370 and 250 m\/s in the near-field region. The Lamb wave-related TIDs experienced minimal attenuation during their long-distance propagation, with only a 0.17% decrease observed in the relative amplitudes of the Lamb wave-related TIDs from the near-field to far-field regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16142668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1721650838000},"page":"2668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-Wave Structures of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Associated with the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruptions in the New Zealand and Australia Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Beitucheng West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Satellite Meteorological Center (National Center for Space Weather), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for FengYun Meteorological Satellite (FYSIC), Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16995","DOI":"10.1029\/92JA01462","article-title":"Ionospheric disturbances observed during the period of Mount Pinatubo eruptions in June 1991","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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