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Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["42276180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276180"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["61991453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61991453"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022YFB3902603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3902603"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022YFC3104200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3104200"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2023ZLYS01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZLYS01"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["GML2021GD0809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GML2021GD0809"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["DH2022ZY0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH2022ZY0003"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["2020C03100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020C03100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The derivation of the particulate-backscattering coefficient (bbp) from Lidar signals is highly influenced by the parameter \u03c7p(\u03c0), which is defined by \u03c7p(\u03c0) = bbp\/(2\u03c0\u03b2p(\u03c0)). This parameter facilitates the correlation of the particulate-volume-scattering function at 180\u00b0, denoted \u03b2p(\u03c0), with bbp. However, studies exploring the global and seasonal fluctuations of \u03c7p(\u03c0) remain sparse, largely due to measurement difficulties of \u03b2p(\u03c0) in the field conditions. This study pioneers the global data collection for \u03c7p(\u03c0), integrating bbp observations from Biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) floats and \u03b2p(\u03c0) data from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) spaceborne lidar. Our findings indicate that \u03c7p(\u03c0) experiences significant seasonal differences globally, peaking during summer and nadiring in winter. The global average \u03c7p(\u03c0) was calculated as 0.40, 0.48, 0.43, and 0.35 during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The daytime values of \u03c7p(\u03c0) slightly exceeded those registered at night. To illuminate the seasonal variations in \u03c7p(\u03c0) in 26 sea regions worldwide, we deployed passive ocean color data MODIS bbp and active remote sensing data CALIOP \u03b2p(\u03c0), distinguishing three primary seasonal change patterns\u2014the \u201csummer peak\u201d, the \u201cdecline\u201d, and the \u201cautumn pole\u201d\u2014with the \u201csummer peak\u201d typology being the most common. Post recalibration of the CALIOP bbp product considering seasonal \u03c7p(\u03c0) variations, we observed substantial statistical improvements. Specifically, the coefficient of determination (R2) markedly improved from 0.84 to 0.89, while the root mean square error (RMSE) declined from 4.0 \u00d7 10\u22124 m\u22121 to 3.0 \u00d7 10\u22124 m\u22121. Concurrently, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) also dropped significantly, from 31.48% to 25.27%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1721810837000},"page":"2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seasonal Variability in the Relationship between the Volume-Scattering Function at 180\u00b0 and the Backscattering Coefficient Observed from Spaceborne Lidar and Biogeochemical Argo (BGC-Argo) Floats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4091-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 37 Miaoling Road, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Donghai Laboratory, No. 1, Zhejiang Da Rd., Dinghai District, Zhoushan 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9818-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), No. 1119, Haibin Rd., Nansha District, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Yunzhou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 37 Miaoling Road, Qingdao 266061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.48.000354","article-title":"Nephelometer for the Measurement of Volume Scattering Function in Situ","volume":"48","author":"Tyler","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. 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