{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:59:42Z","timestamp":1776441582809,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012659","name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61921001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61921001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012659","name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-ZZCX-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-ZZCX-042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Independent Innovation Science Fund of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["61921001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61921001"]}]},{"name":"Independent Innovation Science Fund of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["22-ZZCX-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-ZZCX-042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared small target detection is an important and core problem in infrared search and track systems. Many infrared small target detection methods work well under the premise of a static background; however, the detection effect decreases seriously when the background changes dynamically. In addition, the spatiotemporal information of the target and background of the image sequence are not fully developed and utilized, lacking long-term temporal characteristics. To solve these problems, a novel long-term spatial\u2013temporal tensor (LSTT) model is proposed in this paper. The image registration technique is employed to realize the matching between frames. By directly superimposing the aligned images, the spatiotemporal features of the resulting tensor are not damaged or reduced. From the perspective of the horizontal slice of this tensor, it is found that the background component has similarity in the time dimension and correlation in the space dimension, which is more consistent with the prerequisite of low rank, while the target component is sparse. Therefore, we transform the problem of infrared detection of a small moving target into a low-rank sparse decomposition problem of new tensors composed of several continuous horizontal slices of the aligned image tensor. The low rank of the background is constrained by the partial tubal nuclear norm (PTNN), and the tensor decomposition problem is quickly solved using the alternating-direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LSTT method can effectively detect small moving targets against a dynamic background. Compared with other benchmark methods, the new method has better performance in terms of detection efficiency and accuracy. In particular, the new LSTT method can extract the spatiotemporal information of more frames in a longer time domain and obtain a higher detection rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T09:50:05Z","timestamp":1722246605000},"page":"2746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["LSTT: Long-Term Spatial\u2013Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection under Dynamic Background"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3069-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaiping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Max-mean and max-median filters for detection of small targets","volume":"Volume 3809","author":"Deshpande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Signal Data Processing Small Targets"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Morphology-based algorithm for point target detection in infrared backgrounds","volume":"1954","author":"Tom","year":"1993","journal-title":"Signal Data Process. 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