{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:22:12Z","timestamp":1765610532179,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of the High Impact Weather Key Laboratory of CMA","award":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation and Development Fund Project of Xinjiang Meteorological Bureau","award":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3090201","2022D01B182","MS202412"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the macro and micro characteristics of precipitation in landfall typhoons is crucial to predicting the path and intensity of tropical cyclones by using numerical models. In this study, we use observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission to analyze the microphysics of convection and stratiform precipitation during the landfall of Typhoon Lekima. The statistical results show that the correlation coefficient of the reflectivity factors of the spaceborne and ground-based radars is 0.77 and that the water content detected by the 18.7 GHz low-frequency vertical channel is positively correlated with the intense-precipitation rate. The storm top height is generally consistent with the location of heavy precipitation. The average near-surface precipitation rate and liquid water content of convective precipitation are higher than those of stratiform precipitation. The average mass-weighted raindrop diameter and particle number concentration of convective (stratiform) precipitation at a distance of 2 km above ground level are 1.52 mm (1.29 mm) and 39.52 (36.44, in decibel scale), respectively. Below the melting layer, there is a significant increase in average particle diameter, indicating that the collision aggregation growth process of raindrops is dominant. These results are potentially helpful in validating and improving microphysics parameterization in numerical models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"2765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterizing the Macro and Micro Properties of Precipitation during the Landfall of Typhoon Lekima by Using GPM Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Weather Modification Office, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengjiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13513","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080739","article-title":"Examining storm asymmetries in Hurricane Irma (2017) using polarimetric radar observations","volume":"45","author":"Didlake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. 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