{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T03:03:30Z","timestamp":1776481410818,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["CUP D53J19000170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53J19000170001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["CUP D83C22001980006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D83C22001980006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University (MUR)","award":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University (MUR)","award":["CUP D53J19000170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53J19000170001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Research and University (MUR)","award":["CUP D83C22001980006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D83C22001980006"]}]},{"name":"FURTHER INGV Earthquakes Department Project","award":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010"]}]},{"name":"FURTHER INGV Earthquakes Department Project","award":["CUP D53J19000170001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53J19000170001"]}]},{"name":"FURTHER INGV Earthquakes Department Project","award":["CUP D83C22001980006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D83C22001980006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 6 February 2023, Turkey experienced its most powerful earthquake in over 80 years, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.7. This was then followed by a second earthquake of Mw 7.6 just nine hours later. According to the lithosphere\u2013atmosphere\u2013ionosphere coupling (LAIC) models, such a significant seismic activity is expected to cause anomalies across various observables, from the Earth\u2019s surface to the ionosphere. This multidisciplinary study investigates the preparatory phase of these two major earthquakes by identifying potential precursors across the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere. Our comprehensive analysis successfully identified and collected various anomalies, revealing that their cumulative occurrence follows an accelerating trend, either exponential or power-law. Most anomalies appeared to progress from the lithosphere upward through the atmosphere to the ionosphere, suggesting a sequential chain of processes across these geospheres. Notably, some anomalies deviated from this overall trend, manifesting as oscillating variations. We propose that these anomalies support a two-way coupling model preceding major earthquakes, highlighting the potential role of fluid chemistry in facilitating these processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"2766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Preparation Phase of the 2023 Kahramanmara\u015f (Turkey) Major Earthquakes from a Multidisciplinary and Comparative Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Cianchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Calcara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Piscini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6471-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"D\u2019Arcangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Departmento de F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Fidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Sabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9996-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze, Universit\u00e0 Roma TRE, 00154 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saioa A.","family":"Campuzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Departmento de F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Soldani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2010.03.005","article-title":"Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model-an unified concept for earthquake precursors validation","volume":"41","author":"Pulinets","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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