{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:55:09Z","timestamp":1763621709585,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Municipality of Nisyros"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Holy Monastery of Panagia Spiliani is an important religious monument of the Aegean islands. The monastery is built on a steep rocky hill in the Castle of Mandraki on Nisyros island. On the slopes of the foundation area of the monastery, landslides have occurred in the past, mainly rockfalls and slides, while the risk of new similar phenomena in the future is high. To assist the geohazard assessment and mitigation design works, a combined survey using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was implemented. Besides capturing the detailed morphology within high-resolution 3D point clouds, the main engineering geological units were identified on the slopes, while critical structural ground elements and unstable blocks were mapped in detail. These were quantified in terms of geotechnical parameters, and the engineering geological model of the hill was finalised and presented in an engineering geological map and cross sections. The mitigation measures are targeted towards the stabilisation of the wider area of the upper slope, hence the stability of the monastery and its surroundings risk elements, as well as the support of specific, large- to small-scale unstable rock blocks on the whole slope area, securing accessibility to the main beach of the village.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"2768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Remote Sensing Integration to Geohazard Management at the Castle-Monastery of Panagia Spiliani, Nisyros Island, Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7575-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinos","family":"Vassilis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7066-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farmakis","family":"Ioannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Chatzitheodosiou","family":"Themistoklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Papouli","family":"Dimitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Stoumpos","family":"Georgios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Prountzopoulos","family":"Georgios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Division, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece"}]},{"given":"Karantanellis","family":"Efstratios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 54124, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-6823-2","article-title":"Beyond the Boundaries of Feasible Engineering Geological Solutions: Stability Considerations of the Spectacular Red Beach Cliffs on Santorini Island, Greece","volume":"76","author":"Marinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-020-01203-x","article-title":"Automated 3D Jointed Rock Mass Structural Analysis and Characterization Using LiDAR Terrestrial Laser Scanner for Rockfall Susceptibility Assessment: Perissa Area Case (Santorini)","volume":"38","author":"Farmakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.12.047","article-title":"The conservation of the Shahr-e-Zohak archaeological site (central Afghanistan): Geomorphological processes and ecosystem-based mitigation","volume":"239","author":"Margottini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"405","article-title":"Quantifying erosion of \u2018at risk\u2019 archaeological sites using repeat terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"12","author":"Kincey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicu, I.C., Rubensdotter, L., Stalsberg, K., and Nau, E. (2021). Coastal Erosion of Arctic Cultural Heritage in Danger: A Case Study from Svalbard, Norway. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13060784"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-018-1374-7","article-title":"Derivation of Space-Resolved Normal Joint Spacing and in Situ Block Size Distribution Data from Terrestrial LIDAR Point Clouds in a Rugged Alpine Relief (K\u00fchtai, Austria)","volume":"78","author":"Wichmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"11","article-title":"Our GIS Is a Game Engine: Bringing Unity to Spatial Simulation of Rockfalls","volume":"2019","author":"Harrap","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoComputation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-19-2385-2019","article-title":"Simulation of Fragmental Rockfalls Detected Using Terrestrial Laser Scans from Rock Slopes in South-Central British Columbia, Canada","volume":"19","author":"Sala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-365-2009","article-title":"Detection of Millimetric Deformation Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner: Experiment and Application to a Rockfall Event","volume":"9","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmakis, I., Hutchinson, D.J., Vlachopoulos, N., Westoby, M., and Lim, M. (2023). Slope-Scale Rockfall Susceptibility Modeling as a 3D Computer Vision Problem. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112712"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106836","article-title":"Rockfall Detection Using LiDAR and Deep Learning","volume":"309","author":"Farmakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JF005225","article-title":"The Importance of Monitoring Interval for Rockfall Magnitude-Frequency Estimation","volume":"124","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2015.05.012","article-title":"Identifying Rock Slope Failure Precursors Using LiDAR for Transportation Corridor Hazard Management","volume":"195","author":"Kromer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bonneau, D.A., Hutchinson, D.J., and Mcdougall, S. (2019, January 10\u201313). Characterizing Debris Transfer Patterns in the White Canyon, British Columbia with Terrestrial Laser Scanning. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation, Golden, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiFrancesco, P.M., Bonneau, D., and Hutchinson, D.J. (2020). The Implications of M3C2 Projection Diameter on 3D Semi-Automated Rockfall Extraction from Sequential Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111885"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u201cStructure-from-Motion\u201d Photogrammetry: A Low-Cost, Effective Tool for Geoscience Applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3493","article-title":"Terrestrial Laser Scanning of Rock Slope Instabilities","volume":"39","author":"Oppikofer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmakis, I., Karantanellis, E., Hutchinson, D.J., Vlachopoulos, N., and Marinos, V. (2022). Superpixel and Supervoxel Segmentation Assessment of Landslides Using UAV-Derived Models. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225668"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Marinos, P., and Hoek, E. (2000, January 19). GSI: A geologically friendly tool for rock mass strength estimation. Paper Presented at the ISRM International Symposium, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2024.109065","article-title":"A cost-effective image-based system for 3D geomorphic monitoring: An application to rockfalls","volume":"449","author":"Blanch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2024.105655","article-title":"Smart monitoring of rock slopes: Combining laser scanning, photogrammetry and IoT","volume":"147","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:52Z","timestamp":1760109952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16152768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16152768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}}}