{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:53Z","timestamp":1760145593839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INCT Odisseia","award":["302722\/2018-1","CNPq 408035\/2021-8","FAP-DF 00193-00000308\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302722\/2018-1","CNPq 408035\/2021-8","FAP-DF 00193-00000308\/2023-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the western Andes, climate changes have led to drastic ecological changes during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Given the debate surrounding precipitation pattern changes and the lack of research on lakes in the Chilean Altiplano, this study aims to assess recent climate changes. The paper presents an innovative methodology based on Google Earth Engine (GEE), utilizing fluctuations in water levels in endorheic lakes as natural precipitation indicators. Three lakes (Chungar\u00e1, Miscanti, and Miniques) in isolated drainage systems were studied, where changes in water levels directly reflect rainfall variations. Data from Landsat-OLI 8, Landsat-ETM+, Landsat-TM 5, and MODIS spanning 31 years were processed using the Google Earth Engine platform. The shapes of the water bodies were extracted using hue saturation value (HSV) composites. The surface areas of the lakes were compared with precipitation data from national meteorological stations and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) using linear regression analyses. Both lake area and rainfall volume showed a decrease over time, with varying trends depending on environmental conditions. However, the analysis consistently indicates a reduction in the area and volume of Chilean lakes corresponding to observed rainfall patterns over the past three decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water Resources Monitoring in a Remote Region: Earth Observation-Based Study of Endorheic Lakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9571-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremie","family":"Garnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Joint International Laboratory LMI OCE \u201cObservatory of Environmental Change\u201d, UnB\/IRD, Brasilia 71750-000, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8199-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane E.","family":"Cicerelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tati","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia C. R.","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6633-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of de Cartography Roberto Simonsen, 305, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Centro Educacional, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa V.","family":"Valad\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Geology and in Applied Geosciences and Geodynamics, Geoscience Institute, University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Satge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Laboratory LMI OCE \u201cObservatory of Environmental Change\u201d, UnB\/IRD, Brasilia 71750-000, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD)\u2014UMR Espace-DEV, University of Montpellier, 34393 Montpellier Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Laboratory LMI OCE \u201cObservatory of Environmental Change\u201d, UnB\/IRD, Brasilia 71750-000, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD)\u2014UMR Espace-DEV, University of Montpellier, 34393 Montpellier Cedex 05, France"},{"name":"Center of Sustainable Development (CDS), University of Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-23-1393-2019","article-title":"Changes in groundwater drought associated with anthropogenic warming. 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