{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:31:46Z","timestamp":1782444706869,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020YFA0714103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0714103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Population and economy are crucial factors contributing to regional disparities. Studying the patterns and relationships between these two elements is essential for promoting sustainable development in regions and cities. This study constructs multi-scale geographic concentration indices and inconsistency indices, utilizing NPP\/VIIRS and LandScan data to quantitatively analyze the spatial pattern changes of population and economy in the Yangtze River Delta across various spatial scales, revealing the matching relationships between population and economic elements within cities. The results indicate that the economy in the Yangtze River Delta is spreading outward from the core areas, with the average population\u2013nightlight inconsistency index decreasing from 1.57 to 1.33. This suggests that the imbalance between population and economy within the urban agglomeration is gradually improving, consistent with trends observed in statistical survey data. Within individual cities, there is a noticeable spatial mismatch between population and nightlight intensity, with the population primarily concentrated in urban core areas. As urban spaces expand, the areas where population concentration is significantly lower than nightlight concentration are gradually diminishing. By 2022, the land area where population and economic concentration are coordinated within the Yangtze River Delta urban areas increased from 9.13% to 16.24%. Population concentration in these coordinated regions rose from 11.33% to 16.33%, while nightlight concentration increased from 9.98% to 13.63%. The improved geographic concentration and inconsistency indices are effective indicators for multi-scale monitoring of population and economic spatial changes. The integration of NPP\/VIIRS nighttime light data and LandScan data provides an effective method for uncovering different spatial patterns of population and socio-economic element aggregation in urban structures. This can offer insights for promoting sustainable regional and urban development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:34:43Z","timestamp":1722422083000},"page":"2806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Multi-Scale Dynamics and Spatial Consistency of Economy and Population Based on NPP\/VIIRS Nighttime Light Data and Population Imagery: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yucheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2100-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Samborska, V., and Roser, M. (2024, July 23). Urbanization. Our World Data 2024. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/urbanization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01884-8","article-title":"Spatial gradients of urban land density and nighttime light intensity in 30 global megacities","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101853","article-title":"Relating SDG11 indicators and urban scaling\u2013An exploratory study","volume":"52","author":"Akuraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102226","article-title":"Evaluating urban sustainability under different development pathways: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.07.012","article-title":"Combining system dynamics model, GIS and 3D visualization in sustainability assessment of urban residential development","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107858","article-title":"Exploration of coupling effects in the Economy\u2013Society\u2013Environment system in urban areas: Case study of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration","volume":"128","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2005.10.005","article-title":"Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101758","article-title":"The effects of urbanization and industrialization on decoupling economic growth from carbon emission\u2014A case study of China","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127379","article-title":"Changes pattern in the population and economic gravity centers since the Reform and Opening up in China: The widening gaps between the South and North","volume":"310","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103948","article-title":"Analysis on the evolution of spatial relationship between population and economy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong region of China","volume":"83","author":"Yufeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloom, D., Canning, D., and Sevilla, J. (2003). The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change, Rand Corporation.","DOI":"10.7249\/MR1274"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1053837220000309","article-title":"Adam Smith and economic development in theory and practice: A rejection of the stadial model?","volume":"44","author":"Paganelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hist. Econ. Thought"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zou, H., Duan, X., and Wang, L. (2022). Coordinated Evolution and Influencing Factors of Population and Economy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114395"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Hong, Y., Zhai, G., Wang, S., Zhao, M., Liu, C., and Yu, X. (2023). Spatial Coupling of Population and Economic Densities and the Effect of Topography in Anhui Province, China, at a Grid Scale. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12122128"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, N., Wu, X., Zhang, P., Xu, S., Shi, X., and Jiang, B. (2022). Spatial Distribution Pattern Evolution of the Population and Economy in Russia since the 21st Century. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010684"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evolution of spatial pattern and influencing factors of population in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-017-3289-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes in population distribution and socioeconomic development in China from 1950 to 2010","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-951X(01)00062-1","article-title":"What is happening to China\u2019s GDP statistics?","volume":"12","author":"Rawski","year":"2001","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.2.994","article-title":"Measuring economic growth from outer space","volume":"102","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2399416","article-title":"Poverty evaluation using NPP-VIIRS nighttime light composite data at the county level in China","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2023.05.028","article-title":"Nighttime light remote sensing for urban applications: Progress, challenges, and prospects","volume":"202","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2725917","article-title":"A new approach for detecting urban centers and their spatial structure with nighttime light remote sensing","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2302855","article-title":"Detecting China\u2019s urban expansion over the past three decades using nighttime light data","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Liu, Y., Wu, S., and Yang, C. (2021). Study on Urban Spatial Pattern Based on DMSP\/OLS and NPP\/VIIRS in Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234879"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidmann, N.B., and Theunissen, G. (2021). Estimating local inequality from nighttime lights. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224624"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129558","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of LBSM data to estimate the gross domestic product of China at multiple scales: A comparison with NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data","volume":"328","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.005","article-title":"High spatial resolution night-time light images for demographic and socio-economic studies","volume":"119","author":"Levin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Tan, M., Liu, X., Wang, X., and Xin, L. (2023). Stability and Changes in the Spatial Distribution of China\u2019s Population in the Past 30 Years Based on Census Data Spatialization. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15061674"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"102709","article-title":"An ensemble method to generate high-resolution gridded population data for China from digital footprint and ancillary geospatial data","volume":"107","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101911","article-title":"A building volume adjusted nighttime light index for characterizing the relationship between urban population and nighttime light intensity","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2020). Nighttime lights and population migration: Revisiting classic demographic perspectives with an analysis of recent European data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010169"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0250-z","article-title":"Population centroids of the world administrative units from nighttime lights 1992\u20132013","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5733","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.496798","article-title":"Characterizing relationships between population density and nighttime imagery for Denver, Colorado: Issues of scale and representation","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13469","DOI":"10.3390\/su71013469","article-title":"Multi-scale measurement of regional inequality in Mainland China during 2005\u20132010 using DMSP\/OLS night light imagery and population density grid data","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan, K., Holob\u00e2c\u0103, I.-H., Benedek, J., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, I. (2019). Potential of night-time lights to measure regional inequality. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010033"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1385-2019","article-title":"The spatial allocation of population: A review of large-scale gridded population data products and their fitness for use","volume":"11","author":"Leyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00850-w","article-title":"Global 1-km present and future hourly anthropogenic heat flux","volume":"8","author":"Varquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5194\/sg-7-23-2012","article-title":"The Night Light Development Index (NLDI): A spatially explicit measure of human development from satellite data","volume":"7","author":"Elvidge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2016.1276705","article-title":"Forecasting China\u2019s GDP at the pixel level using nighttime lights time series and population images","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, T.A., Wanik, D.W., Molthan, A.L., Rom\u00e1n, M.O., and Griffin, R.E. (2017). Synergistic use of nighttime satellite data, electric utility infrastructure, and ambient population to improve power outage detections in urban areas. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030286"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2021.1978276","article-title":"Understanding the pattern and mechanism of spatial concentration of urban land use, population and economic activities: A case study in Wuhan, China","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geo.-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105587","article-title":"Spatial interaction between urbanization and ecosystem services in Chinese urban agglomerations","volume":"109","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03242-9","article-title":"The urban population agglomeration capacity and its impact on economic efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"103857","article-title":"Characterizing urban actively populated area growth in the Yangtze River Delta using nighttime light data","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.036","article-title":"The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China","volume":"222","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105735","article-title":"City size, industrial structure and urbanization quality\u2014A case study of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in China","volume":"111","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Cheng, W., Zhou, C., Li, M., Wang, N., and Liu, Q. (2017). GDP spatialization and economic differences in South China based on NPP-VIIRS nighttime light imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070673"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1342050","article-title":"VIIRS night-time lights","volume":"38","author":"Elvidge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Wang, Z., and Chen, S. (2022). Development of the Remote Sensing Datasets of the Annual Nighttime Light in China from 1992 to 2021. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Zhizhin, M., Ghosh, T., Hsu, F.-C., and Taneja, J. (2021). Annual time series of global VIIRS nighttime lights derived from monthly averages: 2012 to 2019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050922"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calka, B., and Bielecka, E. (2019). Reliability analysis of LandScan gridded population data. The case study of Poland. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8050222"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"849","article-title":"LandScan: A global population database for estimating populations at risk","volume":"66","author":"Dobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Zhang, Z., and Liu, F. (2018). Monitoring population evolution in China using time-series DMSP\/OLS nightlight imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020194"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Li, A., Yin, G., Nan, X., and Bian, J. (2019). Retrieval of grassland aboveground biomass through inversion of the PROSAIL model with MODIS imagery. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131597"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zhang, M., Sun, W., and Li, W. (2018). Expansion analysis of yangtze river delta urban agglomeration using dmsp\/ols nighttime light imagery for 1993 to 2012. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7020052"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.002","article-title":"Updating urban extents with nighttime light imagery by using an object-based thresholding method","volume":"187","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"727","article-title":"Mapping city lights with nighttime data from the DMSP Operational Linescan System","volume":"63","author":"Elvidge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129488","article-title":"An improved approach for monitoring urban built-up areas by combining NPP-VIIRS nighttime light, NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI","volume":"328","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Yang, K., Bennett, M.M., Guo, Z., Cheng, L., and Li, M. (2019). Automated extraction of built-up areas by fusing VIIRS nighttime lights and Landsat-8 data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131571"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"3","article-title":"Multi-scale studies on the space consistency between population distribution and economic development in China","volume":"197","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul. Econ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1391-7","article-title":"Similarities and differences of city-size distributions in three main urban agglomerations of China from 1992 to 2015: A comparative study based on nighttime light data","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ding, S., Cao, W., Fan, D., and Tang, B. (2020). Research on network patterns and influencing factors of population flow and migration in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, China. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12176803"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Gao, J., and Chen, W. (2022). The Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Population in the Yangtze River Delta, China: An Urban Hierarchy Perspective. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11101764"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134751","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes in sustainable development and its driving force in the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"379","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103851","article-title":"Spatial mismatches between nighttime light intensity and building morphology in Shanghai, China","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2019.103188","article-title":"Measuring urban economic density","volume":"125","author":"Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellander, C., Lobo, J., Stolarick, K., and Matheson, Z. (2015). Night-time light data: A good proxy measure for economic activity?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139779"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01300-x","article-title":"Global gridded GDP data set consistent with the shared socioeconomic pathways","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-889-2021","article-title":"An extended time series (2000\u20132018) of global NPP-VIIRS-like nighttime light data from a cross-sensor calibration","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:10Z","timestamp":1760110030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16152806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16152806","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}