{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:29Z","timestamp":1787029529422,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92371205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92371205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022KJXX-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJXX-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["62171349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171349"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["92371205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92371205"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["62001388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001388"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2022KJXX-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJXX-37"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In detecting hypersonic vehicles, the radar echo signal is coupled with an intra-pulse Doppler frequency (I-D frequency) component caused by relative motion of a plasma sheath (PSh) and the vehicle, which can induce the phenomenon of a ghost target in a one-dimensional range profile. In order to investigate the I-D frequency generated by the relative motion of a PSh, this study transforms a linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal into a single carrier frequency signal based on echo signal equivalent time delay-dechirp processing and realizes high resolution and fast extraction of the I-D frequency coupled with the frequency-domain echo signal. Furthermore, by relying on the computation of the surface flow field of the RAMC-II Blunt Cone Reentry Vehicle, the coupled I-D frequency in the radar echo signal of a PSh-enveloped target under circumstances of typical altitudes and carrier frequencies is extracted and further investigated, revealing the variation law of I-D frequency. The key findings of this study provide a novel approach for suppressing anomalies in radar detection of PSh-enveloped targets as well as effective detecting and as robust target tracking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1722446209000},"page":"2811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating Intra-Pulse Doppler Frequency Coupled in the Radar Echo Signal of a Plasma Sheath-Enveloped Target"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailiang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Equipment Efficiency in Extreme Environment, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"},{"name":"School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartunian, R.A., Stewart, G.E., Fergason, S.D., Curtiss, T.J., and Seibold, R.W. (2007). Causes and Mitigation of Radio Frequency (RF) Blackout during Reentry of Reusable Launch Vehicles, Aerospace Corporation. Contractor Rep. ATR-2007(5309)-1.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2007-6633"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dix, D.M. (1962). Typical Values of Plasma Parameters Around a Conical Re-Entry Vehicle, Aerospace Corporation. Scientific rept. AD295429.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0295429"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2014.2349009","article-title":"Effects of hypersonic Plasma Sheath on the Polarization Properties of Obliquely Incident EM Waves","volume":"42","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2891462","article-title":"Analyses of Electromagnetic Properties of a Hypersonic Object With Plasma Sheath","volume":"67","author":"Sha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1971.310328","article-title":"Progress in Reentry Communications","volume":"AES-7","author":"Rybak","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2016.2575082","article-title":"Adaptive multistate Markov channel modeling method for reentry dynamic plasma sheaths","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1972.1140213","article-title":"Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves obliquely incident upon a moving compressible plasma slab","volume":"20","author":"Kojima","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2017.2766786","article-title":"Study of the influence of time-varying plasma sheath on radar echo signal","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/27.234562","article-title":"Numerical Calculation of the Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission of Microwaves by a Non-Uniform Plasma Slab","volume":"21","author":"Laroussi","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/27.221103","article-title":"WKB Solution for Wave Propagation in a Time-Varying Magneto plasma Medium: Longitudinal Propagation","volume":"21","author":"Kalluri","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/8.785745","article-title":"Three-Dimensional FDTD Simulation of Electromagnetic Wave Transformation in a Dynamic Inhomogeneous Magnetized Plasma","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SIA-9-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JA009253","article-title":"Scattering characteristics of high-resolution meteor head echoes detected at multiple frequencies","volume":"107","author":"Close","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Luo, C.R., Ding, C.L., and Duan, L.B. (2016). 12th Five-Year Plan Textbooks: Electrodynamics, Publishing House of Electronics Industry."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cao, C.Q. (2009). Basic Series of Modern Physics: Classical Electrodynamics, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033402","article-title":"On the meteoric head echo radar cross section angular dependence","volume":"35","author":"Kero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4255","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3090910","article-title":"An Analysis of Radar Detection on a Plasma Sheath Covered Reentry Target","volume":"57","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2020.3029590","article-title":"Method of Detecting a Target Enveloped by a Plasma Sheath Based on Doppler Frequency Compensation","volume":"48","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/36.655323","article-title":"Pulse compression for weather radars","volume":"36","author":"Mudukutore","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2008.0160","article-title":"High-velocity multi-target detection with narrow band radar","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2490582","article-title":"A Fast SAR Imaging Method for Ground Moving Target Using a Second-Order WVD Transform","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/97.700915","article-title":"On the realization of the polynomial Wigner-Ville distribution for multi-component signals","volume":"5","author":"Stankovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3003809","article-title":"Space Maneuvering Target Integration Detection and Parameter Estimation for a Spaceborne Radar System with Target Doppler Aliasing","volume":"13","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2882198","article-title":"Radar Detection and Parameter Estimation of High-velocity Target Based on MART-LVT","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2938815","article-title":"Direction Finding of Linear Frequency Modulation Signal in Time Modulated Array with Pulse Compression","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1760110040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/15\/2811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16152811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16152811","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}