{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T21:02:23Z","timestamp":1770066143146,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25211819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25211819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China, under PolyU","award":["42171361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171361"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China, under PolyU","award":["25211819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25211819"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective forest management is essential for mitigating climate change effects. This is why understanding forest growth dynamics is critical for its sustainable management. Thus, characterizing forest plot deadwood levels is vital for understanding forest dynamics, and for assessments of biomass, carbon stock, and biodiversity. For the first time, this study used the leaf area index (LAI) and L-moments to characterize and model forest plot deadwood levels in the Bavarian Forest National Park from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. This study proposes methods that can be tested for forests, especially those in temperate climates with frequent cloud coverage and limited access. The proposed method is practically significant for effective planning and management of forest resources. First, plot decay levels were characterized based on their canopy leaf area density (LAD). Then, the deadwood levels were modeled to assess the relationships between the vegetation area index (VAI), gap fraction (GF), and the third L-moment ratio (T3). Finally, we tested the rule-based methods for classifying plot decay levels based on their biophysical structures. Our results per the LAD vertical profiles clearly showed the declining levels of decay from Level 1 to 5. Our findings from the models indicate that at a 95% confidence interval, 96% of the variation in GF was explained by the VAI with a significant negative association (VAIslope = \u22120.047; R2 = 0.96; (p &lt; 0.001)), while the VAI explained 92% of the variation in T3 with a significant negative association (VAIslope = \u22120.50; R2 = 0.92; (p &lt; 0.001)). Testing the rule-based methods, we found that the first rule (Lcv = 0.5) classified Levels 1 and 2 at (Lcv &lt; 0.5) against Levels 3 to 5 at (Lcv &gt; 0.5). However, the second rule (Lskew = 0) classified Level 1 (healthy plots) as closed canopy areas (Lskew &lt; 0) against Levels 2 to 5 (deadwood) as open canopy areas (Lskew &gt; 0). This approach is simple and more convenient for forest managers to exploit for mapping large forest gap areas for planning and managing forest resources for improved and effective forest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:34:20Z","timestamp":1722512060000},"page":"2824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing Forest Plot Decay Levels Based on Leaf Area Index, Gap Fraction, and L-Moments from Airborne LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Sani-Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China"}]},{"given":"Tsz Chung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda","family":"Fekry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Heurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, 94481 Grafenau, Germany"},{"name":"Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Hedmark University College, NO-2480 Koppang, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.07.026","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Infestation Patterns of Ips typographus (L.) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany","volume":"31","author":"Lausch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. 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