{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:26:25Z","timestamp":1770423985422,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long convergence time and non-robust positioning accuracy are the main factors limiting the application of precision single-point positioning (PPP) in kinematic vehicle navigation. Therefore, a dual\/triple-frequency multi-constellation PPP-RTK method with atmospheric augmentation is proposed to achieve cm-level reliable kinematic positioning. The performance was assessed using a set of static station and kinematic vehicle positioning experiments conducted in Wuhan. In the static experiments, instantaneous convergence within 1 s and centimeter-level positioning accuracy were achieved for PPP-RTK using dual-frequency observation. For the kinematic experiments, instantaneous convergence was also achieved for dual-frequency PPP-RTK in open areas, with RMS of 2.6 cm, 2.6 cm, and 7.5 cm in the north, east, and up directions, respectively, with accuracy similar to short-baseline real-time kinematic positioning (RTK). Horizontal positioning errors of less than 0.1 m and 3D positional errors of less than 0.2 m were 99.54% and 98.46%, respectively. Additionally, after the outage of GNSS and during satellite reduction in obstructed environments, faster reconvergence and greater accuracy stability were realized compared with PPP without atmospheric enhancement. Triple-frequency PPP-RTK was able to further enhance the robustness and accuracy of positioning, with RMS of 2.2 cm, 2.0 cm, and 7.3 cm, respectively. In summary, a performance similar to RTK was achieved based on dual-frequency PPP-RTK, demonstrating that PPP-RTK has the potential for lane-level navigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1722866248000},"page":"2864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of Atmospheric Augmentation for PPP-RTK with Instantaneous Ambiguity Resolution in Kinematic Vehicle Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhu-Feng","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Dun-Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation and Electronic Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5714-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi-Yang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kepler Satellite Orbit Science & Technology (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9758-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6601-5980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Ting","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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