{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:35:13Z","timestamp":1772822113429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3209301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209301"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3209201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209201"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022ZB166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB166"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["B230204009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230204009"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["B230201007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230201007"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["B220206006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B220206006"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2023YFC3209301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209301"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2023YFC3209201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209201"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2022ZB166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB166"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["B230204009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230204009"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["B230201007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230201007"]}]},{"name":"the Excellent Postdoctoral Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["B220206006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B220206006"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023YFC3209301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209301"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023YFC3209201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3209201"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022ZB166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZB166"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B230204009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230204009"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B230201007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B230201007"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B220206006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B220206006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud contamination significantly impairs optical remote sensing images (RSIs), reducing their utility for Earth observation. The traditional cloud removal techniques, often reliant on deep learning, generally aim for holistic image reconstruction, which may inadvertently alter the intrinsic qualities of cloud-free areas, leading to image distortions. To address this issue, we propose a multi-stage frequency attention network (MFCRNet), a progressive paradigm for optical RSI cloud removal. MFCRNet hierarchically deploys frequency cloud removal modules (FCRMs) to refine the cloud edges while preserving the original characteristics of the non-cloud regions in the frequency domain. Specifically, the FCRM begins with a frequency attention block (FAB) that transforms the features into the frequency domain, enhancing the differentiation between cloud-covered and cloud-free regions. Moreover, a non-local attention block (NAB) is employed to augment and disseminate contextual information effectively. Furthermore, we introduce a collaborative loss function that amalgamates semantic, boundary, and frequency-domain information. The experimental results on the RICE1, RICE2, and T-Cloud datasets demonstrate that MFCRNet surpasses the contemporary models, achieving superior performance in terms of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM), validating its efficacy regarding the cloud removal from optical RSIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T15:45:22Z","timestamp":1722872722000},"page":"2867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-Stage Frequency Attention Network for Progressive Optical Remote Sensing Cloud Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Caifeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Big Data Technology of Ministry of Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Big Data Technology of Ministry of Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhennan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1862-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water Big Data Technology of Ministry of Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.000618","article-title":"Thin cloud removal from single satellite images","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. 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