{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1780317877617,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to conventional spoofing, emerging spoofing attacks pose a heightened threat to security applications within the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) due to their subtly designed signal structures. In response, a novel spoofing detection method entitled aggregated correlation residue likelihood analysis (A-CoRLiAn) is proposed in this study. Requiring only the addition of a pair of supplementary correlators, A-CoRLiAn harnesses correlation residues to formulate a likelihood metric, subsequently aggregating weighted decisions from all tracked satellites to ascertain the presence of spoofing. Evaluated under six diverse spoofing scenarios (including emerging challenges) in the Texas Spoofing Test Battery (TEXBAT) via Monte Carlo simulations, A-CoRLiAn yields a detection rate of 99.71%, demonstrating sensitivity, robustness, autonomy, and a lightweight architecture conducive to real-time implementation against spoofing threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16152868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T15:45:22Z","timestamp":1722872722000},"page":"2868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Advanced GNSS Spoofing Detection: Aggregated Correlation Residue Likelihood Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongnan","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Sensing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Decai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Qi, Y. 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