{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:33:59Z","timestamp":1775745239128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"London NERC DTP","award":["NE\/S007229\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/S007229\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>East African lakes support the food and water security of millions of people. Yet, a lack of continuous long-term water quality data for these waterbodies impedes their sustainable management. While satellite-based water quality retrieval methods have been developed for lakes globally, African lakes are typically underrepresented in training data, limiting the applicability of existing methods to the region. Hence, this study aimed to (1) assess the accuracy of existing and newly developed water quality band algorithms for East African lakes and (2) make satellite-derived water quality information easily accessible through a Google Earth Engine application (app), named LAndsat water QUality retrieval tool for east African lakes (LAQUA). We collated a dataset of existing and newly collected in situ surface water quality samples from seven lakes to develop and test Landsat water quality retrieval models. Twenty-one published algorithms were evaluated and compared with newly developed linear and quadratic regression models, to determine the most suitable Landsat band algorithms for chlorophyll-a, total suspended solids (TSS), and Secchi disk depth (SDD) for East African lakes. The three-band algorithm, parameterised using data for East African lakes, proved the most suitable for chlorophyll-a retrieval (R2 = 0.717, p &lt; 0.001, RMSE = 22.917 \u03bcg\/L), a novel index developed in this study, the Modified Suspended Matter Index (MSMI), was the most accurate for TSS retrieval (R2 = 0.822, p &lt; 0.001, RMSE = 9.006 mg\/L), and an existing global model was the most accurate for SDD estimation (R2 = 0.933, p &lt; 0.001, RMSE = 0.073 m). The LAQUA app we developed provides easy access to the best performing retrieval models, facilitating the use of water quality information for management and evidence-informed policy making for East African lakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T12:13:14Z","timestamp":1723119194000},"page":"2903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["LAQUA: a LAndsat water QUality retrieval tool for east African lakes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8600-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidan","family":"Byrne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"},{"name":"Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Lomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Owoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"},{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu Station, Kisumu P.O. Box 1881, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Christopher Mulanda","family":"Aura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu Station, Kisumu P.O. Box 1881, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Kobingi","family":"Nyakeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Baringo Station, Marigat P.O. Box 231-30400, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Cyprian","family":"Odoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Baringo Station, Marigat P.O. Box 231-30400, Kenya"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Baringo Station, Marigat P.O. Box 231-30400, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Conland","family":"Barongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Baringo Station, Marigat P.O. Box 231-30400, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Kiplagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Baringo Station, Marigat P.O. Box 231-30400, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Naftaly","family":"Mwirigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu Station, Kisumu P.O. Box 1881, Kenya"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0575-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Tebbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, King\u2019s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the NSF-IRES Lake Victoria Research Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01425-z","article-title":"Global Hydro-Environmental Lake Characteristics at High Spatial Resolution","volume":"9","author":"Lehner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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