{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:14:37Z","timestamp":1772777677231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Space Agency Harmony","award":["4000135083\/21\/NL\/FF\/ab"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000135083\/21\/NL\/FF\/ab"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency Harmony","award":["4000123681\/18\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000123681\/18\/I-NB"]}]},{"name":"European Space Agency Harmony","award":["4000127593\/19\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000127593\/19\/I-NB"]}]},{"name":"ESA contracts Glacier_cci and Permafrost_cci","award":["4000135083\/21\/NL\/FF\/ab"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000135083\/21\/NL\/FF\/ab"]}]},{"name":"ESA contracts Glacier_cci and Permafrost_cci","award":["4000123681\/18\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000123681\/18\/I-NB"]}]},{"name":"ESA contracts Glacier_cci and Permafrost_cci","award":["4000127593\/19\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000127593\/19\/I-NB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The EarthExplorer 10 mission Harmony by the European Space Agency ESA, scheduled for launch around 2029\u20132030, consists of two passive C-band synthetic-aperture-radar companion satellites flying in a flexible constellation with one Sentinel-1 radar satellite as an illuminator. Sentinel-1 will serve as transmitter and receiver of radar waves, and the two Harmonys will serve as bistatic receivers without the ability to transmit. During the first and last year of the 5-year mission, the two Harmony satellites will fly in a cross-track interferometric constellation, such as that known from TanDEM-X, about 350 km ahead or behind the assigned Sentinel-1. This constellation will provide 12-day repeat DEMs, among other regions, over most land-ice and permafrost areas. These repeat DEMs will be complemented by synchronous lateral terrain displacements from the well-established offset tracking method. In between the cross-track interferometry phases, one of the Harmony satellites will be moved to the opposite side of the Sentinel-1 to form a symmetric bistatic \u201cstereo\u201d constellation with \u00b1~350 km along-track baseline. In this phase, the mission will provide opportunity for radar interferometry along three lines of sight, or up to six when combining ascending and descending acquisitions, enabling the measurement of three-dimensional surface motion, for instance sub- and emergence components of ice flow, or three-dimensional deformation of permafrost surfaces or slow landslides. Such measurements would, for the first time, be available for large areas and are anticipated to provide a number of novel insights into the dynamics and mass balance of a range of mass movement processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:48:54Z","timestamp":1723196934000},"page":"2918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential of the Bi-Static SAR Satellite Companion Mission Harmony for Land-Ice Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6017-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"K\u00e4\u00e4b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Mouginot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Geosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7583-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pau","family":"Prats-Iraola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3366-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Rignot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Rabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8525-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Benedikter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwaves and Radar Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Rott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENVEO Environmental Earth Observation IT GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Nagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENVEO Environmental Earth Observation IT GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Rommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA-ESTEC), 2200 Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Paco","family":"Lopez-Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309350263","article-title":"Advances in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (insar) in earth system science","volume":"33","author":"Rott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. 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