{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T01:18:34Z","timestamp":1781486314499,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42265003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42265003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022D01C359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022xjkk030502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk030502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC151050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC151050102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42265003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42265003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022D01C359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022xjkk030502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk030502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC151050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC151050102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009110","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["42265003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42265003"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2022D01C359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C359"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2022xjkk030502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk030502"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2019YFC151050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC151050102"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team (Tianshan Innovation Team)","award":["2018YFC1507103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507103"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["42265003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42265003"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["2022D01C359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C359"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["2022xjkk030502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk030502"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["2019YFC151050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC151050102"]}]},{"name":"The Sub-project of the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition","award":["2018YFC1507103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507103"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42265003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42265003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022D01C359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022D01C359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TSYCTD0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TSYCTD0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022xjkk030502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022xjkk030502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC151050102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC151050102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urumqi is located in the arid region of northwestern China, known for being one of the most delicate ecological environments and an area susceptible to climate change. The urbanization of Urumqi has progressed rapidly, yet there is a lack of research on the urbanization effect (UE) in Urumqi in terms of the regional climate. This study investigates the UE of Urumqi (urban built-up area) on the regional thermal environment and its mechanisms for the first time, based on the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model (combined with the Urban Canopy Model, UCM) simulation data of 10 consecutive years (2012\u20132021). The results show that the UE on surface temperature (Ts) and air temperature at 2 m (T2m) is strong (weak) during the night (daytime) in all seasons, and the UE on these is largest (smallest) in spring (winter). In addition, the maximum UE on both Ts and T2m is present over southern Urumqi in winter, whereas the maximum UE is identified over the northern Urumqi in other seasons. The maximum UE on Ts occurred in northwestern Urumqi at 18 LST (Local Standard Time, i.e., UTC+6) in autumn (reaching 5.2 \u00b0C), and the maximum UE on T2m occurred in northern Urumqi at 4 LST in summer (reaching 2.6 \u00b0C). Urbanization showed a weak cooling effect during daytime in summer and winter, reflecting the unique characteristics of the UE in arid regions, which are different from those in humid regions. The maximum cooling of Ts occurred in northern Urumqi at 11 LST in summer (reaching \u22120.4 \u00b0C), while that of T2m occurred at 10 LST in northern and northwestern Urumqi in winter (reaching \u22120.25 \u00b0C), and the cooling effect lasted for a longer period of time in summer than in winter. The UE of Urumqi causes the increase of Ts mainly through the influence of net short-wave radiation and geothermal flux and causes the increase of T2m through the influence of sensible heat flux and net long-wave radiation. The UE on the land surface energy balance in Urumqi can be used to explain the seasonal variation and spatial differences of the UEs on the regional thermal environment and the underlying mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1723452848000},"page":"2939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Urbanization Effect on Regional Thermal Environment and Its Mechanisms in Arid Zone Cities: A Case Study of Urumqi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aerzuna","family":"Abulimiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather\/MOE, School of Atmosphere Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mamtimin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Dabancheng National Special Test Field for Comprehensive Meteorological Observation, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Field Scientific Observation Base of Cloud Precipitation Physics in West Tianshan Mountains, Urumqi 830002, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Cloud Precipitation Physics and Cloud Water Resources Development Laboratory, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8302-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abuduwaili","family":"Abulikemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i013p02377","article-title":"Urban Heat Islands in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005338514333","article-title":"Urban Bias in Temperature Time Series\u2014A Case Study for the City of Vienna, Austria","volume":"38","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-0852-x","article-title":"The Contribution of Urbanization to Recent Extreme Heat Events and a Potential Mitigation Strategy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Area","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-017-0561-4","article-title":"The Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change on Urban Temperatures: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Chapman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Rybski, D., and Kropp, J.P. (2017). The Role of City Size and Urban Form in the Surface Urban Heat Island. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04242-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10646","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030948","article-title":"Urbanization Effect in Regional Temperature Series Based on a Remote Sensing Classification Scheme of Stations","volume":"124","author":"Tysa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0395.1","article-title":"Recent Surface Air Temperature Change over Mainland China Based on an Urbanization-Bias Adjusted Dataset","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Energetic Basis of the Urban Heat Island","volume":"108","author":"Oke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-023-00479-z","article-title":"Urbanization Alters Atmospheric Dryness through Land Evapotranspiration","volume":"6","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Research progress on the thermal environment of the urban surfaces","volume":"38","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2849","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation analysis of urabn thermal environment based on Internet of Things technology","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oke, T.R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J.A. (2017). Urban. Climates, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781139016476"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.069","article-title":"Variation in the Urban Vegetation, Surface Temperature, Air Temperature Nexus","volume":"579","author":"Shiflett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154589","article-title":"Urban Landcover Differentially Drives Day and Nighttime Air Temperature across a Semi-Arid City","volume":"829","author":"Ibsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38596-1","article-title":"Spatially-Optimized Urban Greening for Reduction of Population Exposure to Land Surface Temperature Extremes","volume":"14","author":"Massaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1988)001<1099:UIDAEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Urbanization: Its Detection and Effect in the United States Climate Record","volume":"1","author":"Karl","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shastri, H., Barik, B., Ghosh, S., Venkataraman, C., and Sadavarte, P. (2017). Flip Flop of Day-Night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40178"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.105","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Change of Land Surface Temperature across 285 Cities in China: An Urban-Rural Contrast Perspective","volume":"635","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2022.02.019","article-title":"Taxonomy of Seasonal and Diurnal Clear-Sky Climatology of Surface Urban Heat Island Dynamics across Global Cities","volume":"187","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140570","article-title":"Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Regional Climate in the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau","volume":"742","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-021-03287-7","article-title":"WRF\/UCM Simulations of the Impacts of Urban Expansion and Future Climate Change on Atmospheric Thermal Environment in a Chinese Megacity","volume":"169","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.025","article-title":"Quantifying Urban Heat Island Intensity and Its Physical Mechanism Using WRF\/UCM","volume":"650","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.11.062","article-title":"Climate Change in Urumqi City during 1960\u20132013","volume":"358","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Analysis of the Spatial-Temporal Dynamic Changes of Urban Expansion in Oasis of Xinjiang Based on RS and GIS","volume":"35","author":"Alimujiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"362","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variations of Temperature and Precipitation in the Arid Region of Northwest China from 1960\u20132010","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2015.08.017","article-title":"Why Does Precipitation in Northwest China Show a Significant Increasing Trend from 1960 to 2010?","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"57","article-title":"Signal and Impact of Wet-to-Dry Shift over Xinjiang","volume":"76","author":"Junqiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1073-7","article-title":"Changes in Temperature Extremes in the Yangtze River Basin, 1962\u20132011","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"9","article-title":"Research Progress on Heat Island Effect of Oasis Cities in Arid Zone of Northwest China","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Environ. Prot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"162","article-title":"Brightness Temperature Inversion of Heat Island Characteristics and Its Trend Prediction in Shihezi","volume":"39","author":"WANG","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"7336","article-title":"Spatial Pattern Evolution of Impervious Surfaces and Its Influence on Surface Temperature in the Process of Urban Expansion: A Case Study of Urumqi","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3275","article-title":"Drylands Face Potential Threat under 2 C Global Warming Target","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13462","article-title":"Strong Contributions of Local Background Climate to Urban Heat Islands","volume":"511","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitria, R., Kim, D., Baik, J., and Choi, M. (2019). Impact of Biophysical Mechanisms on Urban Heat Island Associated with Climate Variation and Urban Morphology. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55847-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naserikia, M., Hart, M.A., Nazarian, N., and Bechtel, B. (2022). Background Climate Modulates the Impact of Land Cover on Urban Surface Temperature. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19431-x"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-015-4260-2","article-title":"Atypical Occlusion Process Caused by the Merger of a Sea-Breeze Front and Gust Front","volume":"32","author":"Abulikemu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.07.003","article-title":"A Modeling Study of Convection Initiation Prior to the Merger of a Sea-Breeze Front and a Gust Front","volume":"182","author":"Abulikemu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13843","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030883","article-title":"A Numerical Study of Convection Initiation Associated With a Gust Front in Bohai Bay Region, North China","volume":"124","author":"Abulikemu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulikemu, A., Ming, J., Xu, X., Zhuge, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Yu, B., and Aireti, M. (2020). Mechanisms of Convection Initiation in the Southwestern Xinjiang, Northwest China: A Case Study. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11121335"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Abulikemu, A., Wang, Y., Kong, M., and Liu, Y. (2022). Convection Initiation Associated with the Merger of an Immature Sea-Breeze Front and a Gust Front in Bohai Bay Region, North China: A Case Study. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13050750"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Abulikemu, A., Yao, J., Mamtimin, A., Yang, L., Zeng, Y., Li, R., An, D., and Li, Z. (2023). A Case Study on the Convection Initiation Mechanisms of an Extreme Rainstorm over the Northern Slope of Kunlun Mountains, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184505"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-022-2061-y","article-title":"On the Key Dynamical Processes Supporting the 21.7 Zhengzhou Record-Breaking Hourly Rainfall in China","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, M., Abulikemu, A., Zheng, J., Aireti, M., and An, D. (2022). A Case Study on Convection Initiation Associated with Horizontal Convective Rolls over Ili River Valley in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14071017"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019207923078","article-title":"A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model for Atmospheric Models: Comparison with Multi-Layer and Slab Models","volume":"101","author":"Kusaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bound. Layer. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"9","article-title":"Utilizing the Coupled WRF\/LSM\/Urban Modeling System with Detailed Urban Classification to Simulate the Urban Heat Island Phenomena over the Greater Houston Area","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<0519:EFOWPU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part I: Description and Sensitivity Analysis","volume":"132","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16663","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00237","article-title":"Radiative Transfer for Inhomogeneous Atmospheres: RRTM, a Validated Correlated-k Model for the Longwave","volume":"102","author":"Mlawer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacono, M.J., Delamere, J.S., Mlawer, E.J., Shephard, M.W., Clough, S.A., and Collins, W.D. (2008). Radiative Forcing by Long-lived Greenhouse Gases: Calculations with the AER Radiative Transfer Models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009944"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3199.1","article-title":"A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coupling an Advanced Land Surface\u2013Hydrology Model with the Penn State\u2013NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-11-00056.1","article-title":"A Revised Scheme for the WRF Surface Layer Formulation","volume":"140","author":"Dudhia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.01.001","article-title":"Relationship of land surface and air temperatures and its implications for quantifying urban heat island indicators\u2014An application for the city of Leipzig (Germany)","volume":"18","author":"Schwarz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030438","article-title":"Surface Urban Heat Island across 419 Global Big Cities","volume":"46","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.008","article-title":"Remote Sensing of the Urban Heat Island Effect across Biomes in the Continental USA","volume":"114","author":"Imhoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"240","article-title":"Simulation Study of Urbanization Impact on Climate in Chengdu","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasul, A., Balzter, H., and Smith, C. (2016). Diurnal and Seasonal Variation of Surface Urban Cool and Heat Islands in the Semi-Arid City of Erbil, Iraq. Climate, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli4030042"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021225","article-title":"Anthropogenic heating of the urban environment due to air conditioning","volume":"119","author":"Salamanca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/16\/2939\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:44Z","timestamp":1760110484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/16\/16\/2939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs16162939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs16162939","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]}}}