{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T13:14:23Z","timestamp":1775567663296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42221002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42221002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42325106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42325106"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42071372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071372"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23XD1404100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1404100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22511102900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22511102900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic Research Leader Program","award":["42221002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42221002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic Research Leader Program","award":["42325106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42325106"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic Research Leader Program","award":["42071372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071372"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic Research Leader Program","award":["23XD1404100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1404100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Academic Research Leader Program","award":["22511102900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22511102900"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program","award":["42221002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42221002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program","award":["42325106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42325106"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program","award":["42071372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071372"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program","award":["23XD1404100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1404100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Program","award":["22511102900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22511102900"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42221002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42221002"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42325106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42325106"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42071372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071372"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["23XD1404100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23XD1404100"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["22511102900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22511102900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reducing the lag in the accuracy assessment of multi-temporal land-cover products has been a hot research topic. By identifying the changed strata, the annual accuracy in multi-temporal products can be quickly evaluated. However, there are still two limitations in the accuracy assessment of multi-temporal products. Firstly, the setting of the parameters (e.g., the total sample size, allocation of samples in the changed strata, etc.) in the fundamental sampling design is not based on specific setting criteria. Therefore, this evaluation method is not always applicable when the product or research area changes. Secondly, the accuracy evaluation of multi-temporal products does not consider the influence of misclassification. This can lead to an overestimation of the accuracy of changed strata in single-year evaluations. In this paper, we describe how the total sample and the assignment of samples in every stratum can be adjusted according to the characteristics of the land-cover product, which improves the applicability of the evaluation. The samples in the changed strata that propagate misclassification are essentially pixels that have not undergone any land-cover change. Therefore, in order to eliminate the propagation of this inter-annual classification error, the misclassified samples are reclassified as unchanged strata. This method was used in the multi-temporal ESA CCI land-cover product. The experimental results indicate that the single-year accuracy, considering classification error, is closer to the traditional evaluation accuracy of single-temporal data. For the categories with a small ratio of unchanged strata samples to changed strata samples, the accuracy improvement, after eliminating the classification errors, is more obvious. For the urban class, in particular, the misclassification affects its estimated accuracy by 9.72%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1723528957000},"page":"2968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of Multi-Temporal Land-Cover Products Considering Classification Error Propagation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shicheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0238-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08745-6","article-title":"State-of-the-art global models underestimate impacts from climate extremes","volume":"10","author":"Schewe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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