{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:21:53Z","timestamp":1767838913406,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Community of Madrid and Quasar Science Resources, S.L.","award":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and Quasar Science Resources, S.L.","award":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Community of Madrid and Quasar Science Resources, S.L.","award":["FJC2021-046735-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJC2021-046735-I"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of Spain","award":["FJC2021-046735-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJC2021-046735-I"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["FJC2021-046735-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJC2021-046735-I"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Package\u2014NextGenerationEU (European Commission)","award":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2020\/AMB-17747"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Package\u2014NextGenerationEU (European Commission)","award":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115509RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Package\u2014NextGenerationEU (European Commission)","award":["FJC2021-046735-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJC2021-046735-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sentinel-2 NDVI time series information content from 2017 to 2023 at a 10 m spatial resolution was evaluated based on the NDVI temporal dependency in five scenarios in central Spain. First, time series were interpolated and then filtered using the Savitzky\u2013Golay, Fast Fourier Transform, Whittaker, and Maximum Value filters. Temporal dependency was assessed using the Q-Ljung-Box and Fisher\u2019s Kappa tests, and similarity between raw and filtered time series was assessed using Correlation Coefficient and Root Mean Square Error. An Interpolating Efficiency Indicator (IEI) was proposed to summarize the number and temporal distribution of low-quality observations. Type of climate, atmospheric disturbances, land cover dynamics, and management were the main sources of variability in five scenarios: (1) rainfed wheat and barley presented high short-term variability due to clouds (lower IEI in winter and spring) during the growing cycle and high interannual variability due to precipitation; (2) maize showed stable summer cycles (high IEI) and low interannual variability due to irrigation; (3) irrigated alfalfa was cut five to six times during summer, resulting in specific intra-annual variability; (4) beech forest showed a strong and stable summer cycle, despite the short-term variability due to clouds (low IEI); and (5) evergreen pine forest had a highly variable growing cycle due to fast responses to temperature and precipitation through the year and medium IEI values. Interpolation after removing non-valid observations resulted in an increase in temporal dependency (Q-test), particularly a short term in areas with low IEI values. The information improvement made it possible to identify hidden periodicities and trends using the Fisher\u2019s Kappa test. The SG filter showed high similarity values and weak influence on dynamics, while the MVF showed an overestimation of the NDVI values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T09:20:51Z","timestamp":1723627251000},"page":"2980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["New Insights on the Information Content of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Sentinel-2 Time Series for Assessing Vegetation Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"S\u00e1enz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Quasar Science Resources, S.L., Camino de las Ceudas 2, Las Rozas de Madrid, 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Senda del Rey 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9934-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Cicu\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias F\u00edsicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Automation, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0332-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Recuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Senda del Rey 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Econom\u00eda Agraria, Estad\u00edstica y Gesti\u00f3n de Empresas, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6432-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bermejo-Saiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Litago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Econom\u00eda Agraria, Estad\u00edstica y Gesti\u00f3n de Empresas, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6607-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"de la Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quasar Science Resources, S.L., Camino de las Ceudas 2, Las Rozas de Madrid, 28232 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Palacios-Orueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, n\u00ba 2\u20144, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales (CEIGRAM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Senda del Rey 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-019-01494-8","article-title":"Adaptations in Irrigated Agriculture in the Mediterranean Region: An Overview and Spatial Analysis of Implemented Strategies","volume":"19","author":"Harmanny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. 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