{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T09:35:12Z","timestamp":1772357712976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["CBAS2022GSP08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBAS2022GSP08"]}]},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["42371435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371435"]}]},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals","award":["41771029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771029"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBAS2022GSP08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBAS2022GSP08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42371435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42371435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban expansion and fossil fuel dependence have led to energy and environmental concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. Rooftop photovoltaic (RPV) systems offer a viable solution for urban energy transition by utilizing idle rooftop space and meeting decentralized energy needs. However, due to limited information on building function attributes, detailed assessments of RPV potential at the city scale are still complicated. This study introduces a cost-effective framework that combines big Earth data and deep learning to evaluate RPV potential for various investment entities. We introduced a sample construction strategy that considers built environment and location awareness to improve the effectiveness and generalizability of the framework. Applied to Shanghai, our building function recognition model achieved 88.67%, 88.51%, and 67.18% for accuracy, weighted-F1, and kappa, respectively. We identified a potential installed capacity of 42 GW with annual electricity generation of 17 TWh for industrial and commercial, 16 TWh for residential, and 10 TWh for public RPVs. The levelized cost of electricity ranges from 0.32 to 0.41 CNY\/kWh, demonstrating that both user-side and plant-side grid parity was achieved. This study supports sustainable development by providing detailed urban energy assessments and guiding local energy planning. The methods and findings may offer insights for similar studies globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T05:47:11Z","timestamp":1723700831000},"page":"2993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of Rooftop Photovoltaic Potential Considering Building Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingxia","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0423-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8922-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.09.009","article-title":"Integrating global energy and climate governance: The changing role of the International Energy Agency","volume":"87","author":"Heubaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2019.01.006","article-title":"The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation","volume":"24","author":"Gielen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.094","article-title":"Solar energy: Potential and future prospects","volume":"82","author":"Kabir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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