{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:06:14Z","timestamp":1770681974046,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["521791269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["521791269"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202206010017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010017"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024A03J0391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0391"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["521791269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["521791269"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["202206010017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206010017"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["2024A03J0391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A03J0391"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used for subsurface detection and testing. Numerical simulations of GPR signal are commonly performed to aid the interpretation of subsurface structures and targets in complex environments. To enhance the accuracy of GPR simulations on heterogeneous medium, this paper proposes a hybrid modeling method that combines the discrete element method with a component fusion strategy (DEM\u2013CFS). Taking the asphalt pavement as an example, three 3D stochastic models with distinctly different porosities are constructed by the DEM\u2013CFS method. Firstly, the DEM is utilized to establish the spatial distribution of random coarse aggregates. Then, the component fusion strategy is employed to integrate other components into the coarse aggregate skeleton. Finally, the GPR response of the constructed asphalt models is simulated using the finite-difference time-domain method. The proposed modeling method is validated through both numerical and laboratory experiments and demonstrates high precision. The results indicate that the proposed modeling method has high accuracy in predicting the dielectric constant of heterogeneous media, as generated models are closely aligned with real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:23:20Z","timestamp":1723789400000},"page":"3010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Refined Modeling of Heterogeneous Medium for Ground-Penetrating Radar Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Dingwu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5109-4866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2022.102726","article-title":"Asphalt pavement characterization by GPR using an air-coupled antenna array","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"NDT&E Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2961772","article-title":"On the use of lateral wave for the interlayer debonding detecting in an asphalt airport pavement using a multistatic GPR system","volume":"58","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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