{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:12:40Z","timestamp":1779318760521,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precipitable water vapor (PWV) is one of the most dynamic components of the atmosphere, playing a critical role in precipitation formation, the hydrological cycle, and climate change. This study used SuomiNet Global Positioning System (GPS) data from April 2021 to June 2023 in the United States to comprehensively evaluate 3 and 6 h Global Forecast System (GFS) PWV products (i.e., PWV3h and PWV6h). There was high consistency between the GFS PWV and GPS PWV data, with correlation coefficients (Rs) higher than 0.98 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 0.23 cm. The PWV3h product performed slightly better than PWV6h. PWV tended to be underestimated when PWV &gt; 4 cm, and the degree of underestimation increased with increasing water vapor value. The RMSE showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variations, with the RMSE value in summer (i.e., 0.280 cm) considerably higher than in winter (i.e., 0.158 cm), and nighttime were RMSEs higher than daytime RMSEs. Clear-sky conditions showed smaller RMSEs, while cloudy-sky conditions exhibited a smaller range of monthly RMSEs and higher Rs. PWV demonstrated a clear spatial pattern, with both Rs and RMSEs decreasing with increasing elevation and latitude. Based on these temporal and spatial patterns, Back Propagation neural network and random forest (RF) models were employed, using PWV, Julian day, and geographic information (i.e., latitude, longitude, and elevation) as input data to correct the GFS PWV products. The results indicated that the RF model was more advantageous for water vapor correction, improving overall accuracy by 12.08%. In addition, the accuracy of GFS PWV forecasts during hurricane weather was also evaluated. In this extreme weather, the RMSE of the GFS PWV forecast increased comparably to normal weather, but it remained less than 0.4 cm in most cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1724049691000},"page":"3043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation and Correction of GFS Water Vapor Products over United States Using GPS Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4693-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Meteorological Technical Equipment Center, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Meteorological Bureau, Nanning 530022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8061-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Zheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Lan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.022","article-title":"The first validation of the precipitable water vapor of multisensor satellites over the typical regions in China","volume":"206","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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