{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:56:41Z","timestamp":1773867401722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A method for estimating river water surface elevation (WSE) from Landsat imagery using the river inundation area\u2013water surface elevation (RIA-WSE) rating curve constructed from the U.S. Geological Survey Topobathymetric Elevation Model (TEM) data was developed and tested at six gauging stations along the Upper Mississippi River. Otsu\u2019s automatic threshold selection algorithm was employed for the image classification and estimation of inundation areas within each predefined polygon around each gauging station. In addition to the commonly used green-band-based water indices, Landsat 8 and 9 OLI\u2019s ultra-blue, blue, and red band-based water indices were also tested in this study, which resulted in twenty different water indices: NDWIv (Normalized Difference Water Index), MNDWI1v and MNDWI2v (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), AWEIsv (Automatic Water Extraction Index with shadows), and AWEInsv (AWEI without shadows), where v represents the visible light band used in the water index. At each station, about 60\u201380 Landsat 8 or 9 images during 2013\u20132023 were used to assess the performances of the twenty water indices by comparing the estimated WSEs with the measured WSEs. The results showed that the ultra-blue or red band-based AWEIs yielded the most accurate estimations of WSEs among the twenty tested water indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16163054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1724134055000},"page":"3054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accuracy Assessment of Estimated River Water Surface Elevations from Landsat 8 and 9 Imagery among Twenty Water Indices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4373-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Buchanan, T.J., and Somers, W.P. 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